Author Archives: clem.law@usa.net

Peace Light 2017

This cartoon marking the 1st anniversary of Pearl Harbor appeared 75 years ago today in the Pittsburgh _____, Dec. 7, 1942.

This cartoon marking the 1st anniversary of Pearl Harbor appeared 75 years ago today in the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, Dec. 7, 1942.

Pearl Harbor Anniversary

Today marks the 76th anniversary of the attack on Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941, marking the entry of the United States into World War II.

The Peace Light

As a symbol of peace, we show the flame above, which has been burning for hundreds of years. This flame was burning throughout the Second World War, the First World War, the U.S. Civil War, and every other war in modern history. It’s shown here in my living room, but it originates from the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem, where it has been continuously tended for hundreds of years. The exact date that some monk struck a flint to ignite it is not known, but it is believed to be about a thousand years ago.

Each year during the Advent season, it is transported from Bethlehem to Europe and North America, courtesy of Austrian Airlines. This year, it was brought to Kennedy Airport on November 25. From there, volunteers fan out across the country to distribute the flame. Most of these are connected with Scouting in some way, and Scouts and Guides in Europe participate in similar activities.

As I did last year, I played a small part in the distribution. Prior to my getting it, the flame traveled to Indianapolis, and then to Chicago. From there, it went to Des Moines, and I met an Iowa Scouter in Albert Lea, Minnesota, to transfer it to St. Paul. From me, it was picked up by others who took it to Wisconsin and North Dakota. From there, it will travel to Winnipeg, and probably to other points. Meanwhile, others are taking it to other parts of the United States, Canada, and Mexico.

You can read more about the Peace Light at the U.S. Peace Light website or the Peace Light North America Facebook group. If you’re close to St. Paul, Minnesota, and would like to receive the Peacelight, feel free to contact me and we can make arrangements. In other areas, you can find a local source on the Facebook page.

Lanterns

One common question is how the Peace Light travels on two international flights from Israel to Austria, and then to North America. The flame is transported safely in an antique blastproof miner’s lamp. On the ground, it is walked through customs by airline employees to the airport chapel.

On the ground, the most common way to transport the light is with a lantern such as the one at the top of the page. These are rarely used these days, since mantle type lanterns provide considerably more light. But in the 19th century, the cold-draft kerosene lantern was something of a revolution in lighting, since it provides a fairly bright flame and is also relatively safe, since it will self-extinguish if tipped over.

A good history of the lantern can be found at this site. Prior to such lanterns, the best available option for camp lighting was the candle lantern. As the name implies, it was just a ventilated enclosure in which a candle was inserted.

The ad at the left, from the June 1916 issue of Boys’ Life, shows both types of lamps. The candle lantern here is known as a “Stonebridge” lantern, since it was manufactured by a company of that name, and replicas have been made over the years. Interestingly, in addition to providing more light, the kerosene lantern is actually less expensive. Candle lanterns start at $1.50, but the cold-blast lantern is only 75 cents.

Both types of lanterns are readily available today. The cold-blast kerosene lantern can be found at Amazon at any of the following links:

You can also obtain the lantern at WalMart with this link or this link. The fuel is available at this link. You can order the lanterns and fuel online with these links, and then pick them up the same day at the store.

And for those who want to be even more retro in their camp lighting, these candle lanterns are also available at Amazon:

The replica Stonebridge lantern shown below is very similar, or possibly identical, to the 1916 candle lantern shown in the ad:

How to Transport the Peace Light

If you need to transport the flame only a short distance, one good option is to use a votive candle at the bottom of a coffee can. For longer distances, I place the lanterns at the top of the page inside a 5 gallon bucket similar to the one shown at the left, wtih sand or cat litter at the bottom.

Carrying it in this manner is very stable, and I have never experienced it tipping. If it does tip, the entire lantern is safely contained, and the lantern will self-extinguish.

It should be noted that because there is an open flame, you should not refuel the vehicle with the Peace Light in the car. Fill up your gas tank before picking up the light. If you need to buy gas before you reach your destination, it will be necessary to leave the lantern at a safe location before driving to the pumps. And while the combustion of these lanterns is very complete, it is a good idea to keep a window of the car open slightly.

Plans for a more a elaborate carrier are also available at the Peacelight.org site.

Patrick Vincent Coleman, 1872 – 1917

Vince Coleman. Wikipedia photo.

Today marks the 100th anniversary of the Halifax Explosion, December 6, 1917. We remember it as a great act of heroism by a telegrapher, train dispatcher Vince Coleman.

Only known photograph of the blast, probably taken about 15 seconds after detonation from about one mile away. Wikipedia photo.

The 1917 explosion in Halifax harbor killed approximately 2000 people and injured 9000 more. It represented the largest man-made explosion prior to the development of nuclear weapons, and released the equivalent of 2.9 kilotons of TNT.

It was the result of a collision between the SS Mont-Blanc, a French freighter carrying high explosives, with the Norwegian vessel SS IMO. The Imo was en route to New York to take on relief supplies for Belgium. The ship was given clearance to leave the harbor on December 5, but had been delayed due to fueling. By the time the ship had taken on fuel, the submarine nets were up for the night, and the ship had to wait.

The Mont-Blanc had arrived from New York the night of December 5 and was heavily loaded with explosives. The ship intended to join a convoy, but was also arrived too late to enter the harbor due to the submarine nets.

When the nets were lowered the next morning, the ships passed in a strait called the Narrows. At 8:45 AM, the two ships collided. While damage was not severe, barrels of Benzol broke open and flooded the hold. Sparks ignited the vapors, and a fire started at the water line. As the crew of the Mont-Blanc frantically boarded their lifeboats, they shouted warnings that the ship was about to explode.

At 9:04, the ship exploded, with a cloud of smoke rising over 11,000 feet. The shock wave was felt over 129 miles away, and an area of over 400 acres was completely destroyed. A 50-foot tsunami hit Halifax.

Halifax ruins. Wikipedia photo.

Vince Coleman, 45, was a dispatcher for the Canadian Government Railways. He, along with Chief Clerk William Lovett, was working at the Richmond station, only a few hundred feet from the pier. He was responsible for controlling trains along the main line into Halifax.

Minutes after the fire started, a sailor had been rushed ashore to warn people of the ship’s cargo. The men in the station began to rush out of the building, but Coleman hurried back to send a warning message to the other stations down the line. In particular, Coleman was aware that a passenger train was due, and that its path would take it right to the explosion. He sent the following message to all of the other stations down the line:

HOLD UP THE TRAIN. AMMUNITION SHIP AFIRE IN HARBOR MAKING FOR PIER 6 AND WILL EXPLODE. GUESS THIS WILL BE MY LAST MESSAGE. GOOD-BYE BOYS.

The message was heeded. The passenger train, with 300 aboard, was halted at Rockingham station, about 4 miles from the downtown terminal. It is almost certain the Coleman’s message saved the lives of those 300 passengers. In addition, the message, which was received by numerous other stations, along with the line then going silent, gave news of what had happened, allowing relief supplies to be immediately sent to Halifax.

This was critical, since a winter storm soon delayed further relief supplies. The passengers and crew of the first arriving trains began rendering assistance, but the first dedicated relief train was udnerway by 10:00 AM, and arrived by noon.

The next day, Halifax was blanketed by 16 inches of snow, delaying other relief trains from Canada and the United States. Coleman’s heroic message ensured that relief was on the way while there was still time to save hundreds of lives.

This short video dramatizes Coleman’s heroism:

It also features in the 2007 miniseries “Shattered City: The Halifax Explosion”, which is available on Amazon.

References

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Wartime Radio Log

Seventy-five years ago today, the December 5, 1942, issue of Radio Guide included this listing of all of the broadcast stations in the U.S., Canada, and Mexico.

Numerous other such listings are available, most of which can be found at AmericanRadioHistory.com. This particular listing is handy since it takes up only two pages, and provides an interesting snapshot of the broadcast band during the war years.

An alphabetical listing by call letters can be found in the December 19 issue.

1917 Stewart Phonograph

This ad directed at dealers appeared a hundred years ago this month in the December 1917 issue of Talking Machine magazine. It’s for a relatively inexpensive compact phonograph from the Stewart Phonograph Corp. of 327 Wells Street, Chicago.

According to the ad, thousands of them would “be sent to the boys in the Army and Navy. It is most suitable as a gift for Uncle Sam’s fighting men. It is easy to see that large numbers will be sold.” Of course, those fighting men would need the optional carrying case, turning it into the “Military Special” for a total price of $11.

It turns out that the Steward Phonograph Corporation ceased business in the United States in about 1920, but most of the assets were sold to a Canadian subsidiary, which continued production of an identical unit. It also turns out that the proprietor of the company was John Stewart, who later became one of the principals of Stewart-Warner radio.

References

Treasure Trove of Ten One-Tube Radios: 1942

Seventy-five years ago this month, Hugo Gernsback and the other editors of Radio Craft magazine undoubtedly anticipate the popularity of OneTubeRadio.com, since the December 1942 issue was packed with no less than ten different one tube radios!

The first is the simple set being operated by the young man shown above. This set, the “easy one-tuber” was a broadcast set billed as being for any beginner: “Any schoolboy can build this unique one-tube set at a trifling cost. It is an easy little set to make and will bring in plenty of stations on the headphones.”

“Easy One Tuber” schematic.

This set, which used a type 30 triode, was built in the venerable cigar box, and procurement of this chassis could be done at no cost: “Any cigar store will have an empty one to give you–or perhaps your father will hurry up and finish his latest box of cigars, if you tell him that you are about to build something really useful for once!”

The tuning coil was tapped for variable selectivity. The article noted that the lower the clip was placed on the coil, the sharper the tuning would be. But if carried too far, volume would be reduced.

Regernation was adjusted by means of a variable tickler coil mounted inside the tuning coil. It could be rotated to place the set just on the verge of oscillation for maximum sensitivity.

The article recommended an indoor aerial wire of about 40 feet, but noted that stronger signals would be picked up with a longer outdoor aerial.

One-tube shortwave set.

For the slightly more advanced student, the magazine next carried the “beginner’s one-tube short-wave set” shown at the top of this page and at the left, designed by Francis R. Harris, who noted that “broadcast wavelengths and the programs they carry are very interesting, but the real thrill of radio lies in the short wavelengths–the higher frequencies–on which it is possible to pick up programs of all kinds from the very ends of the earth!”

The set was “the simplest and the best breadboard style that we have yet constructed. It is designed for the absolute beginner who is neither radio man nor mechanic, and yet it will equal or better the performance of many more elaborate lay-outs.”

The use of plug-in coils allowed the set to tune 545 to 16 meters (550 kHz to 18 MHz). The only tools required were screwdrivers, diagonal cutters, long-nose pliers, wood tools, and a soldering iron.

The set used a type 33 pentode. While that tube was designed for AF applications, it apparently functioned well as a detector up to the promised 18 MHz.

The article recommended a 50 foot outdoor antenna, fed into the house with a porcelain standoff. “Don’t under any circumstances, use one of those flat contraptions that is supposed to go under the window.”

This set probably looks vaguely familiar to many readers. While the circuit is not identical, the general layout and construction philosophy is very similar to Alfred Powell Morgan‘s one-tube receiver from the Boy’s First Book of Radio and Electronics. Many radio hobbyists got their start after discovering this book in the elementary school library. Morgan’s set is shown at the left, and has an uncanny resemblance to the 1942 model.

If that wasn’t enough for one tube radio fans, the magazine went further and included eight more “famous 1-tube circuits” shown below.

The seven shown on the page above are first the “Ultra-Audion,” “undoubtedly the most publicized circuit in radio,” the genesis of the regenerative circuit, which would tune all way down to 30,000 meters with appropriate coils and one tuning condenser.

The “Ambassador” was “without question the receiver that longest held the spotlight of popular interest.”

The “Interflex” was a design of Hugo Gernsback’s creation, using a crystal detector with one stage of audio amplification, with no need for transformer.

The “Megadyne” was said to be “of special interest to technicians,” and also combined a crystal detector with one stage of audio amplification.

The “Harkness Reflex” put the single tube to work twice, first as detector, and also as audio amplifier.

The “Solodyne” had been imported from Egnland, and was originally billed as “batteryless.” However, it simply combined the A and B batteries.

Finally, shown here on the continuation page is the “Oscillodyne,” a super-regenerative circuit.

In addition to all of these one-tube sets, the issue also contains some two-tube receivers, as well as a few one-tube phono oscillators.

1942 Coffee Rationing

75 years ago, the war had hit the home front, as shown by this article in this day’s issue of Life Magazine, November 30, 1942. It wasn’t tires or gasoline or even sugar. This time, it was serious. German U-Boats were sinking freighters coming from Brazil, and as a result, the United States was about to adopt coffee rationing. Coffee addicts would be limited to one pound of coffee every five weeks, and Life magazine showed them how to cope.

In the illustration above, the magazine notes that boiling is the most efficient method of producing coffee, followed by percolating, followed finally by drip methods. The magazine discussed methods of conservation, the simplest being not filling the cup all the way. It noted that adding a small amount of chicory would stretch the yield about 30% without affecting the taste very much. And while not advised by experts, the magazine even touched on the possibility of “double dipping.”

To prevent hoarding, some retailers were breaking the seal on vacuum packed cans of coffee, insuring that the contents be consumed promptly.

1957 Boys’ Life Telephone Circuit

Sixty years ago, Maurice Peacock, Jr., of Radnor, PA, got $5 for sending these simple circuits to the “Hobby Hows” editor of Boys’ Life, where they were printed in the November 1957 issue.

The circuit shows how to rig up a telephone system to a friend’s house nearby, using an old radio headphone. One earpiece is used at each end, with batteries wired in series. Peacock explains that the wire needs to be insulated, and suggests that old thread spools can be used as insulators. The basic circuit is shown in figure 1. To save on the cost of wire, a good ground can be used as the return, as shown in figure 2.

I suspect the Boy Scouts of 1957 eventually figured it out, but the diagrams shown here wouldn’t work. A minor change needs to be made.

I suspect that, just like the Boy Scouts of 1957, our readers will quickly spot the problem. When you’ve found it, please comment on our Facebook page.

1967 Blast Furnace For Young Soviets

I’m not able to make out the text, but this Soviet magazine from November 1967 appears to be right up our alley. It appears to be giving young comrades instructions for building a home blast furnace!

I am able to make out the caption for the item between the vacuum cleaner and the wall outlet, and it’s marked “rheostat.” Presumably, it’s set to blow air into the combustion chamber, and the young Soviet mad scientist can adjust the intensity of the furnace with the rheostat.

The illustration appeared in the November 1957 issue of Юный техник magazine. A treasure trove of similar magazines, many on the subject of radio, can be found at Журналы СССР.

Contrary to first impression, the logo at the top of the page is Ют, the abbreviation for the name of the magazine. But if it looked like HOT at first glance, we don’t blame you. This contraption will indeed get hot!

We put this item in the “science fair ideas” category. However, we do recommend that before duplicating this project, young scientists should have the article translated to see if it contains any safety warnings. I suspect some might be called for.

1942 Army Signal Corps Recruiting

This recruiting ad for the U.S. Army Signal Corps appeared in Popular Mechanics 75 years ago this month, November 1942. It noted that this was a radio war, and that the nerve center of the army needed skilled hands. It suggested a number of opportunities to serve.

Physically fit men ages 18 to 45 were eligible for direct enlistment in the Signal Corps Enlisted Reserve. Those with experience as a licensed radio operator, a trained repairman, or active telephone or telegraph worker would qualify for active duty at once with pay of up to $138 per month, plus board, shelter, and uniforms.

Those without direct experience but “skilled with tools” would qualify for training and ordered to active duty after completing the course.

Degreed electrical engineers, as well as junior and seniors in EE programs, would be eligible for commission.

Young men over 16 having an ability with tools would be eligible for immediate training, with pay of not less than $1020 per year. Even those with a minor physical handicap could find a place to serve.

Nipper Goes to War: 1917

With the nation at war, the Victor Talking Machine Company was doing its patriotic duty by cranking out phonographs and records. This ad appeared in the Pittsburgh Press a hundred years ago today, November 26, 1917.