1976 Receptacle Tester

If you do any electrical work around the house—or even if you don’t, and you just want to make sure the electrician did things right—you really ought to have an inexpensive outlet tester in your toolbox. You can plug one in and tell at a glance whether the receptacle is wired correctly, or if there is some invisible and potentially hazardous fault hiding behind the faceplate.

Those errors can include reversed polarity, an open neutral, a missing safety ground, or a hot wire that’s not hooked up at all.

Fifty years ago, fifty-cent molded plug-in testers weren’t sitting in blister packs on the counter of every hardware store. If a home handyman or experimenter wanted one, he often had to build it himself.

The circuit shown here appeared in the September-October 1976 issue of Elementary Electronics. As you can see, the design is deceptively simple.  It uses three neon lamps (NE-1, NE-2, and NE-3), each in series with a 100kΩ current-limiting resistor, bridged across the three conductors of a standard grounded three-prong plug:

  • NE1 (Green) is connected between Hot and Neutral.
  • NE2 (Red) is connected between Neutral and Ground.
  • NE3 (Orange) is connected between Hot and Ground.

When plugged into a correctly wired 120-volt receptacle, line voltage is present across Hot and Neutral (lighting the green lamp) and across Hot and Ground (lighting the orange lamp). Because Neutral and Ground are tied together back at the service panel, there is zero potential between them, leaving the red lamp completely dark.

If you see the red lamp light up, or if one of the others fails to illuminate, you know immediately that something is miswired.  If you want to build your own, it’s a quick weekend bench project using a handful of NE-2 neon lamps, three 100k ohm resistors, and a replacement 3-prong plug.

Of course, these days you don’t have to warm up the soldering iron just to check your wall outlets. You can pick up a ready-made commercial receptacle tester for just a few dollars. Modern versions use the exact same three-lamp bridge circuit inside, though most also include a built-in push button to test GFCI outlets.  And, of course, unless you happen to have the parts in your junk box to start with, the cost of the commercial product will probably be a lot less than what you would have to pay to build your own. By the way, the colors of the neon lamps are not necessarily standard, so the color code shown in the 1976 version probably won’t match up with the modern product.


Warning for Users of Canadian Mail-Order Pharmacies

FDA image.

We have  previously written about purchasing prescription drugs, and ways that consumers can save significant amounts of money. Those included ordering from Canadian pharmacies. There are a number of Canadian pharmacies that specialize in providing mail-order prescriptions to customers in the United States. In the past, we have used CanadianPharmacyStore.com, although there are many other reputable pharmacies that specialize in this niche market.

CDC image.

Unfortunately, this method might be coming to an end as of October 22, 2026.  On that date, Customs and Border Protection begins full enforcement excluding  FDA pharmaceuticalfrom informal postal processing, following the recent suspension of the $800 de minimis exemption.

While the rule itself is ostensibly aimed at cracking down on tariff evasion and illicit contraband in small parcels, the collateral damage for individual prescription buyers is massive.

Technically, importing unapproved prescription drugs has always run afoul of the strict letter of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act). For decades, however, individual consumers operated under an informal regulatory truce: the FDA and CBP exercised “enforcement discretion,” generally allowing up to a 90-day supply of non-controlled maintenance medications to pass through customs unhindered if they were for personal use and didn’t represent an obvious health risk.  The new postal entry rules effectively eliminate this informal pipeline that made that discretion practical.

Because incoming parcels will now require specific tariff and merchandise documentation before clearance, packages can no longer simply slip through the postal stream unnoticed. Instead, customs will instantly flag pharmaceutical shipments for FDA admissibility review.  Because foreign-dispensed drugs lack explicit FDA domestic labeling and approvals, shipments reaching the border after October 22 run a severe risk of being detained, refused, or returned to sender.

The Traveler Exception

Importantly, this change does not apply to travelers crossing the border in person. The de minimis suspension specifically governs unaccompanied freight and international postal cargo. Travelers returning from abroad with personal medication in their accompanied luggage are covered by entirely separate passenger exemptions and entry rules (meaning you can still generally bring back up to a 90-day personal supply in its original pharmacy container, accompanied by your doctor’s prescription and declared at customs).

What You Should Do Now

HHS image.

If you or a family member rely on a Canadian or overseas pharmacy for affordable maintenance medication, time is short, and you should refill immediately.  Order allowable refills as soon as possible. Packages need time to be processed, dispensed, and physically clear U.S. Customs before the October 22 compliance deadline.  If you face potential supply interruptions for critical maintenance drugs, consult your healthcare provider about domestic alternatives.

Why Personal Drug Imports Across the Border Remain Feasible

While federal law strictly regulates the commercial importation of pharmaceuticals, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) exercises formal regulatory discretion when it comes to individuals carrying medication across the border for their own care. Under the FDA’s Personal Importation Policy, border agents and customs inspectors generally allow individuals to bring in foreign medications, provided specific common-sense criteria are met:

  • Personal Use Only: The quantity does not exceed an estimated 90-day supply, and the medication is strictly for the individual importing it.
  • Valid Documentation: The traveler carries a valid prescription from a licensed physician, along with original pharmacy packaging and clear labeling in English.
  • Low Risk Profile: The medication does not represent an unreasonable safety risk, is not a biological agent, and is not a controlled substance with severe restrictions (such as Schedule II narcotics).

Some of these requirements might sometimes be laxly enforced.  For example, I’ve never been asked to show a prescription at customs, and I’m aware of many cases of persons bringing back prescriptions for family members.  But especially if you are planning a special trip, it’s a good idea to keep them in mind.  Relying on lax enforcement is never a good idea.

The 90-Day Border Run: When Travel Pays for Itself

For millions of Americans dealing with high out-of-pocket costs for essential, brand-name maintenance medications, the price gap between the U.S. and foreign pharmacies remains dramatic. Even after factoring in transit, fuel, or airfare, a dedicated cross-border trip every 90 days to Canada or Mexico—or timed alongside planned international travel abroad—often proves substantially more cost-effective than filling those same prescriptions at a domestic counter.

When domestic retail prices or high deductibles run into thousands of dollars per quarter, the net savings from a single foreign pharmacy visit can easily absorb the cost of travel and lodging, leaving significant cash in pocket.

To see the exact logistics, documentation rules, and price comparisons involved in a border pharmacy run, see our earlier post on purchasing prescription medications in Mexico.

1966 12-Volt Adding Machine

Sixty years ago this month, the table of contents of the September 1966 issue of the British Magazine Radio Constructor teased that there was an article entitled “Adding Machine for 12-Volt Operation.”  I wonder if readers were slightly disappointed when they got to that page.  It probably wasn’t quite what they expected, but it literally met the definition.

It was constructed from a telephone dial and an electro-mechanical counter. The author was tasked with creating a device “to be used for motor car rallies, so that the number of miles to be covered could be totalised.” You dialed in the miles, and the device continued adding them until the mechanical reset button was pressed. It would still work for numbers greater than 10, thanks to the zero on the dial. If one had to add 34 miles, it was only necessary to dial zero three times, followed by dialing 4.



Stations WAR and K4USA, 1951

Seventy-five years ago this month, the cover of Radio News for September 1951 featured Cpl. Mary Lafter at the control desk of WAR/K4USA, the flagship station of the Army MARS network. It was colocated with AIR/K4AF at the Pentagon.

Each station had a custom designed 1000 watt transmitter. Receivers included Collins 75-A, Hallicrafters S-36A, and Hammarlund SP600JX.

The magazine noted that the new installation was geared to present amateur radio needs, but could be adapted to meet the flexibility requirements of modern warfare and defense.



Radio on Parade 1946

When the City of New London, CT, celebrated its 300th anniversary in 1946, it was an occasion for a parade.  Templetone Radio Mfg. Co. entered this float showing the history of communications over those years.  It included a town crier, as well as a modern streamlined transmitter.

The picture appeared in the September 1946 issue of Radio Retailing.

1946 Code Practice Oscillator

The plans for this code practice oscillator appeared 80 years ago in the September 1946 issue of Radio News. It employed a single 117N7 tube, and put out one watt of audio, which was said to be “loud enough to drive any family out of the house..” It did, however, contain a volume control, just in case that wasn’t desired.

The entire circuit was built into a wall cabinet, with rubber feet on the corners. The magazine assured that with this cabinet, “the code practice oscillator is nice enough looking to be left around on the living room table without incurring the wrath of the ladies of the house.”



1946 Tung-Sol Tubes

I’m not sure of the backstory of this picture. But this young woman doesn’t seem very pleased. It’s probably because what she expected to be a pleasant day at the beach turned into a lecture about the virtues of Tung-Sol tubes. The ad appeared in the September 1946 issue of Radio Retailing.

1976 Boys’ Life: Ham or CB’er?

Fifty years ago this month, the September 1976 issue of Boys’ Life answered the question on the mind of many electronically-inclined scouts: “Ham or CB’er?” (They took some liberties with the capitalization.)

They were diplomatic about it. (After all, a Scout is Kind.) But they clearly came down in favor of Amateur Radio:

As a convenient short-way communication tool, CB has provide its worth in business, farming, home, travel, hiking, boating; on hunting, camping, and fishing trips–even on golf courses.

For more than 70 years, amateur radio has played a role in public service, scientific and technical advances, electronics career training, and international goodwill.

The article reminds readers that Jamboree On The Air was coming up in October. This year’s version runs the weekend of October 17-18, 2026. I’ll be helping out at K0BSA at the North Star Scouting Museum in North St. Paul, MN.



1926-2026: Happy Birthday NBC!

A century ago today, Radio Corporation of America (RCA) took out full-page advertisements in newspapers across the country, including this one in the September 13, 1926, issue of the Washington Star, to make a historic announcement: the formation of the National Broadcasting Company (NBC).

By 1926, an estimated 5,000,000 American homes had radio receivers, representing an audience of roughly 21,000,000 listeners. But as the ad candidly pointed out, the market was running into a fundamental economic problem. RCA was in the business of manufacturing and selling receiving sets and vacuum tubes, but nobody would buy a set if there was nothing worth listening to on the air. Individual local stations could not afford the high cost of first-rate talent, symphony orchestras, and grand opera on their own.

To solve the problem, RCA purchased station WEAF in New York from AT&T for $1,000,000, leased the telephone company’s nationwide equalized long lines, and organized NBC as an independent service company owned jointly by RCA, General Electric, and Westinghouse. Former Syracuse postmaster and business executive Merlin H. Aylesworth was named president.

The manifesto made a point of addressing widespread public fears of a radio monopoly. RCA Chairman Owen D. Young and President James G. Harbord promised that the company would not monopolize the ether, invited other broadcasters to tap into the network’s programs, and announced an advisory council of prominent citizens to ensure the service operated in the public interest:

“The Radio Corporation of America is not in any sense seeking a monopoly of the air. That would be a liability rather than an asset… It is hoped that arrangements may be made so that every event of national importance may be broadcast widely throughout the United States.”

Two months later, on November 15, 1926, NBC made its formal on-air debut with a four-and-a-half-hour gala broadcast from the Grand Ballroom of the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York, linking 24 stations across the country and launching the golden age of American network radio.

The stations carrying that first broadcast were:

  • WEAF – New York, NY (Key Station)
  • WJZ – New York, NY
  • WEEI – Boston, MA
  • WBZ – Springfield, MA / WBZA – Boston, MA
  • WTAG – Worcester, MA
  • WTIC – Hartford, CT
  • WJAR – Providence, RI
  • WCSH – Portland, ME
  • WGY – Schenectady, NY
  • WGR – Buffalo, NY
  • WLIT / WFI – Philadelphia, PA (time-share)
  • WRC – Washington, D.C.
  • KDKA – Pittsburgh, PA
  • WCAE – Pittsburgh, PA
  • WTAM – Cleveland, OH
  • WWJ – Detroit, MI
  • WSAI – Cincinnati, OH
  • KYW – Chicago, IL
  • WGN / WLIB – Chicago, IL
  • WOC – Davenport, IA
  • KSD – St. Louis, MO
  • WCCO – Minneapolis–St. Paul, MN
  • WDAF – Kansas City, MO

September 11 Anniversary

Michael Foran via Wikipedia. This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic license.

Today marks the 25th anniversary of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. You can hear it as it unfolded on WABC radio at this link. The day starts out routinely, and the first reports can be heard at about 10:30 on the recording.