Category Archives: World War 2

World War II Begins: 1 Sept. 1939

1939Sep1MilJourToday marks the 80th anniversary of the start of World War II. The late edition of the Milwaukee Journal for that day, shown above, carries this AP report:

German troops and warplanes invaded Poland Friday after Nazi annexation of Danzig was proclaimed.

Poland immediately called for aid from Great Britain and France.

Prime Minister Chamberlain announced that Britain and France would fulfill their obligations to Poland unless Germany withdraws immediately.

King George VI signed an order in council for complete British army, navy, and air force mobilization.

The attack was reported to have begun at 9:00 AM local time in Poland, 2:00 AM U.S. central time.  Accordingly, the final edition of the paper shown above was preceded by the Extra edition shown below, which probably hit the streets in the early afternoon.

Click for full size image.

For more headlines, view our post from the 75th anniversary.



Polio Quarantine: 1944

1944Aug30MilJour1944Aug30MilJour2On this day 75 years ago, the United States was at war, but the City of Milwaukee was at war against Polio. Because of an outbreak, all children under 12 years old were confined to their homes.

That didn’t stop these girls from socializing with their friends two doors down. Shown here are Rosemary O’Brien, 12, Peggy O’Brien, 9, and Florence Ann O’Brien, 12, of 5321 N. Diversey Blvd., Milwaukee. They have rigged up a pulley system to send notes to their friends at 5335 Diversey, Betty Ann Dundon, 12, Sherman Dundon, 9, and Monica Dundon, 11.

Meanwhile, Schuster’s Department Store offers to help with these toys, books, and records for kids who are quarantined.

Both images appeared in the Milwaukee Journal, August 30, 1944.



Liberation of Paris

LiberationOfParis

Gen. de Gaulle and entourage set off from the Arc de Triomphe to Notre Dame. Wikipedia photo.

Today marks the 75th anniversary of the Liberation of Paris, August 25, 1944.

Wikipedia image. By Bureau of Printing and Engraving — U.S. Post Office – Arago: people, postage & the post online, National Postal Museum, Public Domain.



Villa on the Lake Ontario, 1944

1944Aug21LifeShown above, in the August 21, 1944, issue of Life Magazine, is Mrs. Eva Bass, a Paris nightclub singer who had lived in Milan before the war. Because she was a Swiss Jew, she was placed in a concentration camp, and later in “free confinement” in Potenza.

When the Allies arrived in Italy, she carried her children 60 kilometers through the lines, many days without food. They were placed in an Allied relief camp in Italy. She was one of a smaller group, chosen because they were virtually desitute without any means of support, to go to America. “They will remain at Fort Ontario, Oswego, N.Y., for the duration of the war as wards of the U.S. Sine they entered the U.S. outside the immigration quotas, they will have to leave when the war is over.”

After they were registered and their meager possessions cleared customs, they were assigned 1944Aug21Life3to army barracks where they would live for the duration of the war.

The family shown below is identified as the Albrecht family. The father was Jewish and the mother Catholic. The children are identified as Peter, 10, and Renata, 5. According to the magazine, he operated a theater in Vienna but fled to Italy in 1939, followed later by his wife and children.

As the photos and article make clear, the conditions were very austere, but one of the refugees “threw her arms around a government representative, saying, ‘this is more beautiful than anything in Europe.  Now I have a villa on the Lake Ontario.”

All of the residents remained interned until 1946.  According to Wikipedia, ” President Roosevelt made himself very clear that immigration laws were not going to be ignored. The refugees would merely be in the United States, not citizens of the United States. They would have no visa status. President Roosevelt also assured Congress that the Army would not permit any refugee escapes.”  In 1946, under President Truman, the decision was made to allow the refugees to become U.S. Citizens.

1944Aug21Life2



Cheerioats: 1944

1944Aug20MilJorSeventy-five years ago today, the Sunday funnies of the Milwaukee Journal, Aug. 20, 1944, carried this ad for a familiar product with a slightly unfamiliar name.

Just to make sure everyone knew, Cheerios (then known as Cheerioats) didn’t require cooking, and they had a cute donut shape with a brown toast color that kids loved.  They stayed crispy even in cream.  The product had been introduced by General Mills in 1941, and the name was changed to Cheerios in 1945.



Dixie-Fixit Radio Hospital, Lima, Ohio, 1944

1944AugNatRadioNewsShown here, in the August-September 1944 issue of National Radio News are Richard and Amy Feil of Dixie-Fixit Radio Hospital, Lima, Ohio. The shop was strictly service, and handled the radio maintenance for sixteen dealers, including department stores and auto dealers. The shop efficiently handled a large volume thanks to its systematic procedure. When sets came in, they weree given a ticket, and went onto a shelf in the order received. Next, the chassis was removed from the cabinet, and each was moved to the next shelf. When finished, they moved to a third shelf.

The sets were serviced strictly in the order received, and if the shelves were full, the shop was closed to new sets. Service was promised within 1-2 weeks.

The shop also had a three bay garage where auto sets were serviced.



1939 One Tube Shortwave Regen

1939AugPSsw1939AugPS5If you had put together this minimalist little shortwave set when it was published in Popular Science in August 1939, you would have been able to use it to pull in the news of the beginning of World War II the next month.

The little set is simplicity itself. It uses a single 1E7G tube, a dual pentode.  Half is used as regenerative detector, with the other half serving as audio amplifier.  There are only three controls on the front panel:  The tuning dial, regeneration control (with on-off switch built in) and another potentiometer for adjusting filament voltage.  The voltage was a compromise, since the RF section needed slightly less voltage than the audio amplifier, but there was still plenty of volume left to drive the headphones and pull in the war news.

1939AugPSswschematic



1944 Canadian Scouting Reminiscences

1944AugManitobaCallingShown here is Canadian Boy Scout Frank Lay, of the 67th Winnipeg (St. Aidan’s) Troop. He is featured on the cover of the August 1944 issue of Manitoba Calling, the monthly program guide of CKY Winnipeg, and sister station CKX in Brandon, Manitoba.

The entire issue of the magazine paid tribute to the value of Scout training for Citizenship. It noted that while scouting was designed as peace training, the organization had a fine record in its services to the war effort. At least 100,000 members of the Armed Forces had been Scouts. Indeed, of the 63 Victoria Crosses awarded to date, eight were won by former Scouts.

The magazine includes the reminiscences of W.F. “Bill” Seller, the manager of station CKX. The magazine calls him probably the veteran of all old Scouts in Canada, as he was a member of one of the earliest troops, in fact the first official troop formed in London. It noted that when Lord and Lady Baden-Powell visited Winnipeg in 1935, they met with Seller and exchanged reminiscenses of the early days of Scouting in England.

Here is the full text of Seller’s article:

Early Days in the Boy Scouts
By W. F. SELLER (Manager CKX)

Robert Baden-Powell at the first Scout encampment on Brownsea Island held in August 1907. Wikipedia image.

In August, 1907, two men, an orderly and 20 boys pitched tents and hoisted a Union Jack on Brownsea Island, near my home at Poole, Dorset, England. The leader of the party, General Baden-Powell with a friend (Major MacLaren), was making his first experiment in teaching English lads the scouting games he had learned himself as a boy and had used to such good advantage in South Africa, to test his idea of an organization for boys.

The twenty boys were gathered from several sources, from Eton and Harrow and from elementary schools; from the homes of the aristocracy and from the fisherman’s cottage. The troop was divided into four Patrols–each with a leader, Curlews – Ravens -Wolves -and Bulls. From morning till night they were busy learning to live in the open, to cook their own meals, to develop their powers of observation and above all to cultivate comradeship.

Canadian Scouts training for the Fireman's badge, 1944.

Canadian Scouts training for the Fireman’s badge, 1944.

Baden-Powell taught them how to follow trails, how to find a few grains of Indian corn in an acre of heather and how to hide and find messages in trees. Then, too, there were organized games and bathing and all the time these twenty boys were unconsciously acquiring habits of self control, fair play and manliness; in other words, the underlying principles of the Boy Scout Movement. The evenings were topped off with the group gathering round the campfire listening to thrilling stories, bird calls, lessons on stalking and singing, all led by “The Chief “.

By the end of two weeks Baden-Powell had proved that his scheme was sound to the core and he settled down to launch it upon the world. Its value was soon realized, the movement grew and Baden-Powell not only became a hero to but beloved by boys throughout the world.

It was not my good fortune to be in on the experimental camp but a cousin of mine was and his glowing accounts of Baden-Powell and his ideas fired a small group of us with enthusiasm, so in 1908 after purchasing one of the first issues of “Scouting for Boys“, we decided to become Boy Scouts. There was no local organization, we just got together, ten of us, using a shack at the bottom of the garden for our “club house “. We met Thursday nights and Saturday afternoons. There were no uniforms at first and then we were able to buy Scout supplies and started to become real Scouts. This, too, was tough, it was all so new.

1909ScoutUniform

1909 uniform, scouts.org.uk image.

For the first few weeks after getting our shorts, shirts, hats and shoes, etc., we used to carry the stuff up to the woods, change under the rhododendron bushes, practise our scouting and then in native’s dressing rooms change back again and amble off home.

After a while we decided that this would not do: if we were going to be Scouts we should be proud of the fact, and so we went one step farther and we changed into uniform in the shack and all marched in patrol formation to our scouting practises. For a time we had to take the public taunts of other boys whose ideas of sport were not always satisfied with wordy insults, but were backed up with sticks, stones and sometimes eggs!

Paying Their Way

1909 Crystal Palace Scout Rally. Wikipedia photo.

Soon, however, we had two patrols of ten each and we looked for a scoutmaster and rented accommodation in one of the schools. To pay the rent, we each donated a few coppers each week to the club funds. If one could afford six -pence o.k., if only a penny, again o.k. But often when rent day came around funds were inadequate, so instead of “scouting” on the Saturday afternoon, we would all go out and hunt up odd jobs, running errands, digging gardens, cutting lawns, etc. Everyone brought in whatever he had earned to the common funds and it worked. Came the day when we had three patrols and could officially qualify as a “troop “. We applied for a Charter and Troop Flag, which was presented to us at a special ceremony at Canford Manor by Lady Wimborne and so we became the first troop of Boy Scouts in the world, registered as the 1st Parkstone Troop, afterward Lady Baden Powell’s own. We attended the first scout rally which was held at the Crystal Palace, London.  15,000 I believe were present, and we were impressed by the size of the old Crystal Palace, when due to rain the march past was held entirely under glass. The following year we attended the rally at Windsor Castle and later one at Birmingham. This last, numbering close to 200,000, was made most interesting for us by the presence in our troop of a prince of the royal house of Ethiopia, dressed in his native costume, one of the sons of Haille Selassi. The lad, about 13, had stowed away on a liner leaving his country for Great Britain and had to remain in England until dignataries from Ethiopia could arrive and return with him in befitting splendour. He was sent to our home town and in despair the gentleman responsible for his care asked our troop to share the responsibility and many were the interesting episodes provided by this young man.

1944AugManitobaCallingSellerI believe the troop justified its membership in the great brotherhood of scoutdom. Our ambulance patrol was on duty at most public functions and a sports gathering including the first flying meet ever held. This was at Bournemouth, and during this meet the pioneer A. V. Rowe was killed in a vol-planing competition. [Louis] Bleriot, the first man to fly the English Channel, was there and we also saw [Hubert] Latham flying one of the first monoplanes, a crazy looking contraption with the appearance of an over -developed kite. We had the first King’s Scouts and the first Silver Wolf; won many district and national trophies, and had a good time doing it, with clean keen competition and the joy of contest rather than conquest being strongly stressed.

I could ramble on like all pioneers, to tell you of the time when camping, the troop saved a group of cottages from destruction by forest fire, the time a boat -load of us were nearly drowned but for the timely rescue of the Coast Guards, the course of home nursing undertaken by some of the boys, the concerts we ran, the bazaars we organized to rase our own funds.

“B.P.’s” Marriage

I could tell how we got news of Baden-Powell’s wedding at St. Peter’s Church, Parkstone, and were able to turn out in time to salute him and his bride.

We were very fortunate that Baden – Powell had selected our district for his experiment and that he chose a lady from our home town for his bride, for as a result, we enjoyed many informal visits and interesting evenings at our club rooms with the Chief himself. Many members of that first troop of Scouts are living in Canada and most of that same troop served in the first World War. We all carry pleasant memories of the wonderful experiences we had as Scouts and one of my prized possessions is the old Scout shirt resplendent with badges, all-round cords and service stars, together with the scarf and many pictures that are now historical but unfortunately not good enough for reproduction.



Simple Modification to Receive CW: Zenith 6B16BT

Finished-11944AugQSTSeventy five years ago, Capt. William W. Orr, stationed somewhere overseas with the U.S. Army Coast Artillery Corps,  had a Zenith Model 6B16BT receiver similar or identical to the one shown above, but no way to listen to Morse Code transmissions with it.  The set covered the standard broadcast band and 2.3 – 22 MHz shortwave, but the set was intended for listening to broadcast programs, and didn’t contain a Beat Frequency Oscillator (BFO) for listening to Morse Code.  If there hadn’t been a war going on, adding a BFO would have been a relatively straightforward proposition of building a one-tube oscillator running near the set’s IF frequency of 455 kHz.  But as Capt. Orr points out, he was “unable to secure the parts needed for building one.”

Instead, he came up with a solution elegant in its simplicity.  It is shown here from Hints & Kinks in the August 1944 issue of QST.  He turned the IF into a regenerative stage by adding a “gimmick” capacitor to provide feedback.  This consisted of nothing more than two short pieces of wire, sticking out the back of the set.  It wasn’t even necessary to solder the wires.  One was stuck into the socket for the plate pin, and the other one to the grid pin.  To copy CW, the wires were moved close to one another.  For listen to voice programs, the wires were moved apart.

Interestingly, the Knight Star Roamer receiver later used a similar method for copying CW.  To copy CW, feedback was switched in to the IF stage to make it go into oscillation.

He used a similar trick to turn the set into a code practice oscillator.  The key was hooked between the speaker transformer and the phono input.  When the key was pressed, the resulting feedback could be used to generate the code.

I would like to thank Dave McClellan for providing the image of the beautifully restored Zenith receiver shown above.   You can read about his restoration and see more pictures at this link.



1944 Radio Rentals

1944AugRadioServiceDealerShown here in the August 1944 issue of Radio Service Dealer magazine is the proprietor of Acme Radio Service Co., 880 Third Avenue, New York, NY.

Before the war, he got half of his business from repairs and the balance from sales and rentals. But there were no new sets to be sold, and labor shortages made service problematic. So he focused on rentals to the point where they represented 75% of his business. He acquired used sets, refurbished them, and put them into circulation.

He did this by canvassing all of the hotels within ten square blocks. He managed to place ads in rooms and elevators, but his real success came from the fact that he paid a flat $1 commission to the clerk or bellboy who made the sale. For the bellboy especially it was a lucrative proposition, since when he delivered the set and plugged it in, he was probably going to get an additional tip. Hotels were packed, and it became a very lucrative part of his business.

Good record keeping was key, and the magazine offered some suggestions. The article suggested that a set could be rented out for an average of 100 days per year at an average rental of $1 per day. The magazine noted that the resulting $100 was “many, many times over the original cost of the average midget or table model radio that would be used for rental.”