Category Archives: Emergency Preparedness

Basics for Getting Emergency News and Information

Hurricane Ian serves as a reminder to have something in place to receive news and information in the event of an emergency. According to news reports, at least five TV stations and 21 radio stations were off the air, and internet and cellular service was interrupted in many areas. The good news, however, is that while 26 stations were off the air, over 500 stations in the state remained on the air, along with stations in other states that can be heard in Florida. So with a little bit of preparation, it’s possible to get information in an emergency.

Even if you don’t have any other radio available, as we reported previously, virtually every cell phone sold in America has a built-in FM radio. This tuner picks signals up over the air, and does not depend on the internet. Many phones come with the required software, so check your phone and see if it’s installed. It’s probably an app called “FM Tuner.” But even if the app is not installed, the tuner is built in to the hardware. This CNET article explains how to install the required app.

Your cell phone uses the headphone wire as its antenna. It will work for strong stations without headphones, but to ensure good reception, you should plug in a pair of wired (not cordless) headphones. So it’s a good idea to get a cheap pair of headphones.

It’s important to know that there is a radio built in to your cell phone. After all, most people carry their phone with them all the time, which means that you have a radio with you all the time. But that radio is not ideal, mostly because it probably uses more battery resources than a small portable radio. Also, the cell phone won’t get AM stations, which might be important if you want to listen to out-of-state stations at night. Given the minimal cost, it’s cheap insurance to buy an inexpensive AM-FM radio.  As with everything, inexpensive ones are available on Amazon.

Of course, you’ll need batteries for these radios. In most cases, they take either AA or AAA batteries. The good news is that the batteries will last a long time. For occasional listening, one set of batteries will probably last several days. Even if you’re listening to it constantly (which you might in an emergency), one set should last at least a day. Therefore, it pays to stock up on batteries to have enough to make it through an emergency.

Many TV stations have realized that if there is a widespread power outage, many of their viewers won’t be able to watch. Therefore, many TV stations have made arrangements to have radio stations simulcast their broadcasts.   However, once your basic information needs are taken care of, you might consider getting an inexpensive battery powered TV, in addition to having a radio. Most of these sets are rechargeable, and it’s a good idea to keep them topped off before the storm hits. If you do need to recharge during the storm, one option is to use a car USB adapter and charge them there.

Another option is a TV tuner dongle such as this one, which will turn your Android phone or tablet into a TV set.

While it’s probably a good idea to get a TV or TV tuner in addition to a portable radio, it’s important to have an old-fashioned portable radio as well. This is because the battery life on a portable radio will be considerably longer than a TV, tablet, or phone. A package of alkaline batteries will last you weeks, which is better than constantly trying to figure out how to charge your phone or TV.

For more information, see our earlier post about preparing for power outages.



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1942 Blackout Receiver

1942SepPSEighty years ago this month, the September 1942 issue of Popular Science showed how to construct this two-tube battery operated receiver. The low power consumption made the set especially useful in case of a blackout, an ever-present wartime possibility.

The set consisted of a 3A8-GT triode-pentode which served as RF amplifier and detector. This went to a 1E7-G dual pentode, which served as the push-pull audio amplifier, driving a loudspeaker. For best volume, 135 volts was recommended (three 45-volt batteries), but excellent results could be obtained with just 90 volts. Because sets of this type sometimes had difficulty tuning the entire broadcast band, there is a trimmer in parallel with the tuning capacitor. This was adjusted to the particular part of the band to be tuned, and then stations were tuned in with the main dial.

Eighty years ago, people took things in stride, and most people considered electricity to be a luxury. If the power went out, whether because of a storm, or to blackout in case of air attack, people were able to continue their life with little interruption. And for those who put together this radio, they still had the luxury of radio, even with the power out.

These days, people view electricity more as a necessity and not a luxury. Ironically, though, it’s much easier to prepare for blackouts today. Things like batteries, flashlights, and portable radios are incredibly cheap. For some pointers on how to prepare for blackouts, see our earlier post. And for pointers on how to prepare for winter power outages (which might be a true emergency), see this post.

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NOAA Weather Radio for the Deaf

Recently, on a state park Facebook group, there was a discussion of NOAA weather radios. Many people use their cell phones to receive weather warnings. But if you’re camped at a state park, it’s quite possible that you don’t have any internet or cellular service. So a weather radio is an important item to pack.  Unlike internet or cellular signals, the NOAA weather radio blankets the nation (as well as the corresponding services in Canada and Mexico).  Unless you live in an extremely remote part of the country, you will be able to pick up a weather radio signal.  To view a coverage map for your state, follow this link.)  These stations broadcast weather information constantly, and during severe weather, they transmit an alert that will activate an alarm in receivers.  For more information, you can view our earlier post.

One deaf person was part of the conversation, and he pointed out (incorrectly) that a radio wouldn’t do him much good. I corrected him, because a NOAA weather radio is very useful, even for someone who cannot hear, because weather warnings are available other than by audible means. If you have internet access, you will probably get more complete information from an internet source. But in areas with no internet access, or just as important, if the internet goes down because of the storm, then your phone won’t do you any good. In these situations, having a weather radio can be a lifesaver, and this is also true for deaf persons.

The voice on a weather radio gives more information, but during severe weather, the radio will tell you, by text display, that there is a warning, such as a tornado warning, for your county. While the additional audio information is nice, it’s not really necessary. If you know that there is a tornado warning for your county, then you know to take shelter.

Even if you do have internet access, having a weather radio is still a good idea, because it will alert you to watches and warnings, and upon seeing a warning, you can check the internet for specific details.

For a deaf person, you really need a weather radio with SAME encoding. This type of radio is programmable for your particular county, and an alarm will sound if there is a warning for your county. The text display will indicate what kind of warning it is, such as TORNADO, SEVERE THUNDERSTORM, FLASH FLOOD, etc. Most weather radios have an audible alarm that sounds during a warning. A deaf person will need one with a visual indication, such as a strobe light.

While other radios might have these same features, the Midland model WR120B/WR120EZ has these features (with the additional external strobe light).  For a deaf person to be alerted, you will also need to buy a strobe light and/or pillow shaker.

The weather radio includes an AC adapter, but it’s a good idea to keep batteries in the radio at all times, since power often goes out during bad weather. You will need 3 AA batteries for the radio, and the strobe light and pillow shaker each require two AA batteries.

The radio, the strobe, the pillow shaker, and the batteries, are all available at Amazon:

If you want to use both the strobe and the pillow shaker, you will also need an adapter cable such as the one shown below, so that you can plug both of them into the radio. (You do not need a stereo cable, but this stereo cable will work.)

If you are planning on using both, you can buy the strobe, the pillow shaker, and the adapter cable as one package deal:

You can read more information from NOAA about weather radios and the deaf at this link.

The video below, from NOAA, explains in American Sign Language how to program the WR120EZ weather radio.



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Preparing for Winter Power Outages

MrHeaterWe’ve previously written about how to prepare for a power outage.  With a little preparation, you can live reasonably comfortably without electricity, and there are numerous inexpensive alternatives to provide yourself with light, power your electronic devices, and cook your food.

News reports have warned of the possibility of power crises this summer, and most recently, Texans have been warned to conserve energy to prevent blackouts.

For many, a power outage in the summer would be an inconvenience, and mean having to go back to the days before air conditioning became universal. But a power outage in the winter could have life-threatening consequences. Of course, one can always evacuate and go to a place with power, but this might mean leaving the pipes in your house to freeze, potentially causing thousands of dollars in damage. Indeed, during the 2021 Texas power crisis, water service to a staggering 12 million persons was disrupted due to pipes freezing and bursting. When the pipes thawed, all of that water had to go somewhere, and it was often into the homes that had been without power. Plumbers were booked up solid, and building materials were simply unavailable. We had family members in Texas who had to deal with the aftermath of frozen pipes, and it served as a wake-up call. Since I live in Minnesota, sub-zero weather is common, and being without heat for just a few hours could prove extremely costly.

Of course, one possibility is to drain every pipe in the house, and then evacuate. But that’s extra work, we would need to find a place to stay, and there’s no guarantee that I would get every last drop out of the system. A better alternative is to provide a source of heat.

I decided that the best course of action would be to close off a good portion of the house. All of the plumbing in our house is in four rooms, all of which are contiguous–an upstairs bathroom and kitchen, and a downstairs bathroom and laundry room. Most other rooms can be closed off merely by closing a door. A downstairs family room can be closed off with a blanket, although it also contains a fireplace that could be used in an emergency. An upstairs living room and dining room would provide plenty of living space in an emergency.

Therefore, my plan for a winter power outage is to close off most of the house, meaning that only a relatively small area would need to be heated. For a long-term power outage, we do have a generator, and it could be used to run the electrical portion of our gas furnace. However, I would need to go in and re-wire it, disconnect it from the house, and connect that circuit to an extension cord (since we don’t have a transfer switch).

A Portable Propane Heater

simpler option, however, which does not require firing up the generator, is to use a portable propane heater.  To heat the house in an emergency, I recently acquired a Mr. Heater portable propane heater like the one shown above. Unlike many propane heaters, it is specifically designed for indoor use. In fact, in the event that oxygen levels get dangerously low, it automatically shuts off. I only have one, but I think by moving it from room to room periodically, it should keep the house somewhat comfortable, or at least keep all of the pipes above freezing.  Obviously, it’s not going to provide as much heat as the normal furnace, but I think it’s large enough for the bare minimum of emergency heating.

Since we have a gas water heater that does not require any electricity whatsoever, my plan is to keep all of the faucets dripping with warm water. The moving water will keep those pipes from freezing, and a certain amount of heat will be radiated from the hot water pipes. In addition, the gas stove in the kitchen will be used for cooking as usual, and the “waste” heat from this process will help warm the house.  While possible, loss of natural gas is much less common than loss of electricity.  The water heater will keep operating seamlessly without electricity, but the kitchen stove will require matches to light.  (The oven will not work without electricity.)

The propane heater needs fuel. It’s designed to use the small one-pound cans of propane, like the ones shown here. For occasional use, these are quite handy, but they also get expensive, and they probably wouldn’t be available in an emergency.

According to this site, a one-pound bottle will last about 5 hours on low, or about two hours on high. So if was run constantly, it would require, at a minimum, about 5 bottles per day, which would get expensive very fast.

Using Less Expensive 20 Pound Propane Bottles

Propane in 20 pound bottles is much cheaper. And those large bottles are available at many convenience stores, hardware stores, and even the local drug store.

In normal circumstances, these propane exchange retailers aren’t the greatest deal.  Generally, you pay for 20 pounds of propane and only get 15.  So during normal circumstances, there are cheaper places to buy propane.  But if an emergency is looming, the price isn’t too out of line, and there are many dealers close to home.  In our case, we always have one bottle on hand, almost full, mounted on our camper. Others routinely have these on hand for their barbecue. According to that same website, 20 pounds of propane will last about 100 hours on low, or 40 hours on high. In other words, the single propane bottle we always have on hand will last between 2 and 4 days.  And if I acted fast enough, I would be able to buy more very conveniently.

Refilling Propane Bottles

There are two ways to use the larger bottles with the Mr. Heater. The cheapest is to buy one of the little gadgets shown here, a propane refill adapter.  What this allows you to do is to refill the one-pound bottles from the larger 20 pound bottle. It’s a bit of a cumbersome process, since you need to hook them up, and then turn the large bottle upside down for the propane to drain into the small canister. So it’s not ideal, but it’s cheap, and it works.

I should point out that this method is not entirely legal. In particular, you are not allowed to transport a “disposable” bottle, certainly not across state lines, after you have refilled it. That’s because the small bottle is designed for one use, and it might not seal up again. But for emergency use, it seems like a very small risk.  Even though I’ll use the method shown below, I also have one of these refill valves.  In some cases, it’s handier to use the small bottles, and I might want one of them for a propane lantern or stove.  And if the hose shown below gets broken or misplaced, the refill kit is a good backup.

The better method, it seems to me, is to use the relatively inexpensive hose shown available from Mr. Heater. This is designed to be used with the Mr. Heater, and lets you run it directly from the larger 20 pound bottle. You no longer have to worry about the inconvenience and slight danger of refilling the bottles at home. The only downside is that the heater is no longer as portable, since the 20 pound bottle of propane needs to be lugged around.  You can also buy the heater along with the hose, which is what I did.

Now that we have the Mr. Heater Buddy, I feel more secure about winter power outages. While they would still be an inconvenience, it would no longer be life threatening. If such an event appeared likely, I would purchase one or more extra 20 pound bottles of propane, which are available at two stores within walking distance of my house. They could be sold out, but if I act fast, I can probably secure one. And even if I don’t, I always have at least one, which will provide heat for 2-4 days.

I have both the adapter hose to run the heater from the large container, and also have the refill adapter to re-use any small cans we have. (And we usually have at least a couple of those on hand.)

In anticipation of a power outage, I would set the heat higher than usual, and prepare to seal off unused rooms. If the power went out, I would seal them off, and also set the faucets to dripping. At that point, I would fire up the propane heater and move it as needed to the four rooms where the heat is needed.

I won’t know for sure until it happens, but I’m confident that this strategy will keep my family relatively comfortable, as well as preventing any damage to plumbing due to freezing.

Indoor Kerosene Heaters

Another option, with which I am less familiar, is a kerosene heater, such as the  this one.  Kerosene heaters seem to be more expensive than their propane brethren, but they could also be a good solution. For most people, the liquid kerosene fuel is easy to store. In my experience, it’s not for sale as many places as propane, but if you stock up before the emergency, this might be a good option.

Safety First

Whatever fuel you choose, keep in mind that you need to buy a heater that is safe for indoor use. Some of them are, but most are not. All of the heaters shown on this page are designed for indoor use, and are safe to be used in the house.  (The ones designed for indoor use have an important safety feature missing in outdoor heaters.  They contain an oxygen depletion sensor which will shut them down automatically if the oxygen level gets too law.  For this reason, however, the indoor units will not work at high altitudes.)

And having a battery-powered carbon monoxide detector is always important, but it takes on special importance when using new appliances to heat your home. It’s cheap insurance.



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1952 Omaha/Council Bluffs Floods

The spring of 1952 brought record floods to Omaha, Nebraska, and Council Bluffs, Iowa. One of the critical needs was patrolling the dikes, and local hams were pressed into action for the job. For ten days and nights, volunteers manned the dikes constantly, reporting any leaks or signs of weakness back to city hall. From there, emergency crews were dispatched to shore up any weak spots.

The equipment used here consisted of Motorola Walkie-Talkies. The equipment was supplied by the Union Pacific Railroad, and operated on the railroad’s frequency of 160.29 MHz.

This report appeared in the July 1952 issue of Radio News, July 1952,



1942 Rex Ristlite Wrist Flashlight

1942June22LifeThis ad appeared in Life Magazine 80 years ago today, June 22, 1942, extolling the virtues of the Rex Ristlite from the Flashlight Company of America of Jersey City, NJ.  The light snapped on like a wristwatch, giving you full use of both hands.  It was a “boon to mechanics, car owners, sportsmen, housewives, Army, and Navy men.”  It sold everywhere that flashlights were sold for only 98 cents, including batteries.  According to this online inflation calculator, that works out to $17.57 in 2022 dollars.

It seems like a practical idea, although it has been largely supplanted by the headlamp, of the type shown at left.  After all, if you need to look at something, then your head is going to be pointing in the right direction, so it makes sense to put the light there.  On the other hand, having it on your wrist could be handy in many cases, so they had a good idea 80 years ago.

And fortunately, the same thing is available today, only better.  And the price (including batteries) is almost the same as the 1942 price, adjusted for inflation, of course.  Like everything else, it is available at Amazon, and you can see it pictured at right.

This one also includes a clock (with 24-hour display, as our readers will appreciate) and compass.  It’s customary to wear a watch on your wrist, so the clock seems logical.  And since it appears to be much smaller than the 1942 version, you can wear it in situations where you might need a light, rather than putting it on as needed.  Many of the reviews state that the compass doesn’t work very well, although I suspect that it works well as long as it’s flat.  As long as it’s magnetized and spinning freely, there’s really not much that can go wrong with a compass.  So if you take it off an lay it on a flat surface, I imagine it will reliably point north.  And if you click on the Amazon link or the picture, you’ll see that the cost, adjusted for inflation, is about the same as it was in 1942.

One big advantage of the modern version is that you don’t have to worry about batteries.  It has a built-in lithium ion battery, and it comes with a micro USB charger.  If the charger gets lost, you can use the same one you normally use with your cell phone.



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Using Your Cell Phone In An Emergency

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Quick Links

I recently received a request from Verizon to link to their Using Smartphones in an Emergency page. In an emergency situation, whether it’s a hurricane, earthquake, or any other natural or manmade disaster, you phone can be an invaluable tool, and that page is certainly worth a read.

As most of the readers of this page are aware, your cell phone has definite limitations in an emergency. If you don’t have cellular service, or at least WiFi, then, of course, you can’t make or receive calls, send or receive texts, or use anything involving the internet. For that reason, as most of our readers are aware, you probably can’t rely upon your cell phone as being your sole means of communication.  (To learn more, check out our emergency communications primer.)

However, there are many emergency situations where cellular or WiFi service will be available. If nothing else, you might be able to go to the closest Waffle House and use their WiFi.  And most cellular providers have extremely reliable service, so even in a severe emergency, you very well could still have cellular service.

But more importantly, since you’re probably carrying around the smart phone anyway, there are many functions that it can be used for in an emergency that do not require internet access. In many cases, it’s not the best version of the particular tool that you want. For example, if you anticipate needing a flashlight, then it’s best to get a real flashlight. But if you’re sitting there in the dark with no other source of light, then your phone’s built-in flashlight could be a godsend.

In addition to the uses discussed on the Verizon site, here are some additional uses you might consider.


FM Tuner

Unbeknownst to most users, the vast majority of cell phones sold in the past few years include a receiver for the normal FM broadcast band. This is not an “internet radio” service that picks up stations streaming over the internet. It is an honest-to-goodness FM radio that picks up broadcast stations over the air, internet or no internet. Sadly, this is the only radio that some people own, and most of them probably don’t know that they have it. Even if the internet is down, chances are, at least one FM station in your area will be on the air.

Your cell phone probably doesn’t have a very good antenna built in to it. Fortunately, the receiver is designed to use the headphone cord as an antenna. But my phone (a relatively cheap Motorola e6) is able to pick up a few local stations with no antenna at all. So it’s nice to know that in case of an emergency, I always have with me a method of getting some emergency information. For best results, however, it’s good to have a pair of headphones with you.  You can pick up a cheap pair at the dollar store, so there’s really no excuse  not to be prepared.

My phone came with the FM tuner app installed. Strangely, many sellers don’t include the app, even though the phone’s hardware contains the FM tuner. If you don’t already have the app, this CNET article explains how to download it.


Storing Emergency Information on Your Phone

openbooksThere are undoubtedly better places to store emergency information, and there are undoubtedly better places to read information than your phone. But if you have your phone with you all the time, it’s reassuring to know that you always have survival information with you. The Verizon site discusses the importance of having a copy of your personal documents stored on your phone. But your phone probably has a lot of memory, and it would be a good place to store other documents.

One good document to have, since it provides information useful for many emergencies, is Nuclear War Survival Skills. It’s available for free download at many sites, including this link. The PDF at that link is 18.9 MB, and it’s likely that most phones have plenty of free memory to save it. Reading it on a cell phone probably isn’t an ideal method, but if you need this lifesaving information in an emergency, it’s certainly better than nothing.

At my website, I have links to other free emergency preparedness books.  If there is any information you believe you might need in an emergency, downloading a copy to your phone is cheap insurance.

If your phone has a lot of storage available (50-100 GB), you might consider downloading the entire English-language Wikipedia. You can find instructions for doing so at this link.  (And for more information, see my website.)


Radiation Detector

Your phone’s camera is sensitive to visible light, which is what makes it a camera. But it’s also sensitive to gamma radiation. This means that the hardware can be used as a radiation detector. To make that happen, you can install the free GammaPix Lite app, or the full GammaPix app for $14.99.

To use the app, you need to cover up your phone’s camera with electrical tape to keep the light out. When you do, any incoming pulses are gamma rays, and the app can measure them.


Having a Spare Phone

In the United States, any cell phone, whether or not its owner has paid for service, is capable of making calls to 911. And, of course, the old phone will continue to work just fine on WiFi, and all of the non-internet apps discussed above will also work just fine. Therefore, if you purchase a new phone, it’s a good idea to keep your old phone for use in an emergency. Keeping it in the glove compartment of your car is cheap insurance. You’ll want to make sure that you have a car charger that fits your phone.

Also, it’s not very expensive to purchase a phone for use in emergency. You can use it with WiFi, all of the non-internet apps will work, and it can be used to call 911. They’re cheap because they are sold by prepaid cell phone providers as a loss leader, and they expect to make a profit by selling you the airtime. But there’s no need to ever activate them, so for a small initial investment, you can purchase a brand new phone which can be used in emergencies. Here are some examples of inexpensive prepaid phones:

In most cases, these prepaid phones are locked, but that means only that you can’t use them with other cellular providers. You can use them for 911 calls, with WiFi, and with all of the apps shown here.  This type of phone is often called a “burner” phone.  Essentially, it’s so cheap that you can just burn it out without caring.


Keeping Your Phone Charged

It should first be noted that many uses of a cell phone are very battery intensive. So if you have alternatives, you should use them. For example, if you are listening to a local radio station via streaming audio, this is very wasteful of your battery. You would be much better off using a separate radio, which draws considerably less electricity. But no matter how much you conserve your phone’s battery, eventually, you will need to charge it.

And if the power is out, then this keeping your phone charged can be challenging. If you have a car, then the easiest way to do so, is to plug it in to the car. A car with a full tank of gas, if used only to charge your phone, will probably last months or even years. Of course, you’ll need a car charger appropriate for your phone.

If you don’t have a car, or don’t want to go out and keep starting it, then a solar charger of the appropriate size can keep your phone charged more or less indefinitely. In general, the larger units can keep a phone charged indefinitely, while the smaller pocket-size units won’t be able to keep the phone fully charged, but they can be used to keep it topped off. There are a wide variety available, such as these:

Also, keep in mind that in some cases, you might have normal AA batteries, or be able to buy them. If so, the charger shown here can be used to charge your phone with normal AA alkaline batteries.

My personal favorite charger is the one shown at right. First of all, this Midland unit is a radio, weather radio, and flashlight, so when you need these devices, you don’t need to use the battery in your phone. But it can also be used to charge your phone, using either the hand crank or the built-in solar panel.

For more information, see our Preparing For Power Outages Page.



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Weather Radios: 50 Years Ago and Today

1972MayPEShown here, in the May 1972 issue of Popular Electronics is the console of one of NOAA’s weather radio stations. The operator could record a series of messages, which would repeat in a continuous loop. Another rack was at the transmitter location, and the two units were linked by telephone line.

The Weather Service had started broadcasting on VHF-FM in the early 1950s, when the first transmitter was installed in Chicago. By 1972, sixty stations, listed at right (click image for1972MayPE2 full-size version), were in operation throughout the United States. In the fifty ensuing years, the network has expanded even further, with hundreds of transmitters blanketing virtually the entire country. Starting in 1976, Environment Canada started a similar network, Weatheradio Canada, which now transmits from 230 sites across Canada. Mexico also has a similar service, SARMEX, operating on the same frequencies. The system broadcasts continuous weather forecasts, and alerts for watches and warnings.

A full coverage map is available on the NOAA website, but in most cases, it’s best to simply turn on the radio and see which station comes in strongest in your locality.

weatheradiocubeIn 1972, the magazine noted that three types of receivers were available. Inexpensive receivers sold for $17 or less.  One very popular entry in this category was the Radio Shack Weatheradio cube shown at left.  The volume and analog tuning dials were on the bottom, so to hear the weather, you would simply push the bar on the top.  More sensitive receivers started at about $70, and tone-alert models ranged from $150 to $300. Then, as now, weather watches and warnings were preceded by a 1050 Hz tone. A tone-alert receiver would be left on standby, and when an alert came through, an alarm would sound and/or the radio would turn itself on. The magazine noted that the expensive tone-alert receivers were in use by entities such as police departments and schools. But the price is now so low that there’s really no reason why Americans should not own one to receive alerts about weather and other emergencies.

NOAA now precedes warnings with Specific Area Message Encoding (SAME), which is a digital squelch which turns on the receiver for specific types of warnings for specific areas. If the weather radio station covers a large geographic area, this allows the user to set the receiver for, for example, only warnings affecting a certain county or counties.

In 1972, the inexpensive $17 receivers were invariably not very sensitive. They would typically work well close to the transmitter location, but didn’t have sufficient range for outlying areas. Typically, they had analog tuning, using circuitry similar to a normal FM radio. The more expensive units (starting at $70) were typically crystal-controlled, with a switch to select the receive channel. They were typically much more sensitive and could be used in fringe areas.

Today, even the most inexpensive receivers usually have digital tuning, and have very good sensitivity. Almost everyone in the United States can now receive a weather station with even an inexpensive receiver.

Many of the inexpensive radios can be kept silent monitoring for a tone alert. Receivers with SAME technology, which can be programmed for a specific area, are also now surprisingly inexpensive.

My personal favorite is the Midland receiver shown here. In addition to being an excellent receiver for the weather band, it also tunes normal AM and FM broadcasts. It does have the standby feature which allows it to listen and sound the alarm in case of an alert. It includes a flashlight.

Most importantly, it never needs a battery. It contains a rechargeable battery, which I normally keep charged by connecting it to a normal cell phone charger after serveral days of use. But if I ever forget, it includes a hand crank and solar panel, meaning that it can be used indefinitely without any power source. It can also be used to charge a phone or other USB device.

Other inexpensive options, some with the alert feature, are shown below:

If you’re looking at an inexpensive set, note that some of them have analog tuning. They’ll work fine in a metropolitan area where you are close to the transmitter, but for use in a fringe area, you’ll need one with digital tuning. And if you buy one that uses batteries, don’t forget to buy an extra set of batteries to store with the radio.

If you are looking for a weather radio to use 24/7 to monitor for alerts, then I recommend one similar to these:

These have a very sensitive receiver, and will work almost anywhere in the United States. More importantly, they operate off AC power, so you don’t need to worry about changing batteries, as you’ll leave it turned on standby 24/7. But they have battery backup, and switches to batteries automatically if the power goes out, which can often happen during weather emergencies. Both of these have SAME technology, which allows you to program it to sound the alarm only for certain counties. The one at left also includes an AM/FM radio and alarm clock.

For activities such as camping, where a set of walkie-talkies might come in handy, you should consider a set such as the ones below. They also include a weather receiver with SAME alerts.

One hint for those who are outdoorsmen or travel for any reason, it’s always a good idea to know what county you are in. Watches and warnings are usually given by county, and without this information, you might miss an important warning. This website will tell you what county you are in, but it’s a good idea to find this information before an emergency, in case your internet becomes unavailable.

Some might say that a weather radio is less important than it was 50 years ago. After all, you have a cell phone that provides instant weather information. However, that cell phone is dependent upon your local cellular network and/or WiFi. A power outage in your area could mean that you are suddenly without any means of notification for severe weather. A weather radio is a cheap investment to make sure you have constant access to emergency information.



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Your Chance to Live: 1972

YourChanceToLiveCover
On my way to looking up something else, I was shocked to discover that this book, of over a hundred pages, existed. It was published 50 years ago by the Defense Civil Preparedness Agency, as the federal Civil Defense agency was known at the time. I was the target audience of this book, I would have loved it, but I didn’t know it existed.

One day as a youth, I discovered in our basement a Civil Defense pamphlet (specificaly, “In Time Of Emergency,” and I found it absolutely fascinating. The second half of the book, entitled “Natural Disasters,” covered things I was more or less familiar with, namely, floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, winter storms, and earthquakes. But the first half of the book was something entirely new, namely, something called a Nuclear Attack.

YourChanceToLiveABGI was aware of the concept of war, and I was even aware that the bad guys might drop bombs during a war. But the bombs described in this book did more, namely, unleash radioactive fallout. And to survive a nuclear attack, you had to have a fallout shelter. For some reason, my parents were unwilling to construct a fallout shelter, but based upon the material in the book, I knew that we could eek by either with an improvised fallout shelter, or by going to the public fallout shelter across the street at the school I attended (although I had some doubts as to whether someone would come around to unlock the building if the nuclear attack took place other than during school hours).

In general, I became an advocate for everything I learned from the little book, and I though everyone should begin making some minimal preparations for, or at least having some awareness of the risk of, one of these nuclear attacks, as well as the other disasters described in the booklet.

Much to my surprise, most people seemed to dismiss my concerns, and some of them even seemed to actively avoid making even the most minimal of preparations. I couldn’t quite understand this attitude (in fact, I still don’t understand it). But I did do my best to promote civil defense. And since I was in school, the school provided me with my principal forum for my efforts.  Of course, my poor sainted sixth grade teacher took the brunt of this, since she got to listen to me talk about civil defense whenever I could possibly work it into the conversation.

I learned all I could about civil defense, including getting every last piece of literature available from the local civil defense office. I also went to the public library, where I found what were possibly the only two books on the subject, namely, the novel Alas Babylon by Pat Frank, and his non-fiction work, How To Survive the H-Bomb and Why.

Frankly, I thought having a fallout shelter would be pretty cool. But it seemed that I was the only kid thinking this, and I eventually figured out that I was the only person–child or adult–with any interest in civil defense and fallout shelters.

It wasn’t until many years later that I discovered that there were other kids like me. It turns out that Alas Babylon is still in print and became something of a cult classic, and copies of How to Survive the H-Bomb and Why now go for hundreds of dollars, if you can find them.

And unbeknownst to me, somewhere in the Pentagon, someone was trying to help me in my quest to educate American students about the importance of civil defense.  The book depicted above, “Your Chance to Live” was in production by the Defense Civil Preparedness Agency, and it was intended as a textbook for students on the subject of civil defense.  Had I been aware of such a book at the time, I’m sure I would have pleaded with my teacher to get some copies, and if she balked, I probably would have appealed to the principal and then to the Board of Education.  In fact, I would have gladly taken over the teaching duties as my classmates learned the lessons from this book.

The book is now available on Google Books, along with the teacher’s edition, and the accompanying “Games that Teach: Classroom Activities on Individual and Community Disaster.”  While the exact grade level of the book isn’t entirely clear, the latter two books make clear that it is suitable for all grades, from 1 through 12.

YourChanceToLiveAlertoThe activities are particularly interesting.  One of them, shown at left, is an ALERT-O card, similar to BINGO.  In this fun activity, suitable for grades 5-12, each student would be given an ALERT-O card, and the teacher would call out items from the card, such as “Intercontinental Ballistic Missile.”  Students would mark the appropriate spot on their card, and the first student with four in a row would be the winner.

The telephone was the response to “do not use this to obtain further information and advice about an emergency,” and there were two True-False questions.  The guide noted that after the game was played, students would probably have questions, which could lead to further research on topics of interest.  For example, one student or a group might be assigned to do a research report on NORAD.

The book was full of other games and activities about civil defense.  For example, in one activity, a group of students would bring together items necessary to stock the fallout shelter, and then discussing the relative merit of the selected items.  There were even crossword puzzles (for grades 7-12) with words such as “nuclear” and “bomb.”

Even younger students could join in on the fun activities, such as the color-by-number puzzle atYourChanceToLiveCDEmblem the right.  In addition to familiarizing students with the CD emblem, it would help them brush up on their math facts.

The textbook itself is fascinating.  There are a few blanks that the student is directed to fill in with local information, such as the location of the closest shelter, so presumably, the idea was that students would get to keep their copy of the book as a future reference.
The preface notes that disasters are a part of life, and that “even a nodding acquaintance with some of the dangers of everyday life and what to do about them can help.”

The actual text starts with this promising language:

A federal agency has issued this book as part of its responsibility for your safety, and for overall national preparedness and security.

The text, format, and illustrations of the book do not conform to the stereotyped image of a government publication.

You may even enjoy reading it!YourChanceToLiveShelter

YourChanceToLiveFoodI certainly would have enjoyed reading it.  First of all, it was full of thought-provoking illustrations such as the one shown here while discussing stockpiling food for an emergency, and the one shown above, depicting an idealized well-stocked shelter.

The booklet didn’t have quite as many details as most civil defense publications, but it did cover the basics, to teach kids the fundamental information they needed to know to survive a disaster.

There were chapters on forest fires, heat waves, tornadoes and thunderstorms, hurricanes, floods, winter storms, earthquakes and tidal waves, technological failures and emergencies, as well as environmental pollution. Of course, it culminated with chapters on nuclear disasters, warning systems, and home shelters, all information focused on preparation for a nuclear attack.

The book concluded with a chapter on psychological preparation, stressing the need to avoid panic, and the perils of inaction. For example, it explained how one resident of Pompeii survived by quickly taking action and leaving town when Vesuvius erupted, whereas those who didn’t act lost their lives to the disaster.

YourChanceToLiveAllClearEven though written for kids, the book was candid in its description of the effects of nuclear weapons.  For example, “if a 5-megaton bomb (5 million tons of TNT equivalent) were exploded in your living room, everything except specially designed structures in an area extending outward for 3 miles would be totally devastated. Look out your window and think what that means.”
The chapter on home shelters doesn’t go into any detail about construction details. Apparently, that will be left for Mom and Dad to figure out. But it does include this interesting vignette about one student’s experience with a home fallout shelter:

Dan’s eyes were open now. It should be morning, he thought. But it was still pitch black, and stuffy. If it was night, where was his window? The street lamp outside ? And if it was morning, why wasn’t it light ? He sat up on one elbow.

Dan remembered now. He was in the top bunk of the fallout shelter. Jerry was in the bunk below. Their parents had built and stocked the shelter in a corner of their basement; and then they decided to try it out.

What if this were a real attack, Dan wondered. That would be something else. Radiation caused by nuclear explosions would be scary—and could be a danger everywhere for people who survived the blast and heat of the explosion. At least you could protect yourself from radiation and the danger would fade with time. The radiation would decrease rapidly in the first 24 hours, and then start leveling off. Crash ! There was a shattering of glass. The peanut butter jar had fallen off a shelf onto the glass water jug. Both had shattered.

Dan watched his father carefully sweep the glass into the “dry garbage” sack.

“Obviously, no more glass in the shelter,” Dad said. “Plastic bottles for water; and stuff like jelly, and peanut butter, in plastic containers. And it needn’t be beans for breakfast every morning, either. A little planning could provide variety, as well as nourishment. Corned beef hash, canned spaghetti, peaches, and dry cereal . No problem there.”

By ten-thirty, the boys were bored to the teeth . This was the big problem with feeling cramped a close second. His parents were reading. He and Jerry worked awhile on a model jet fighter. But there was no glue. No heater either. No television, no fresh milk, no candles, no kerosene lamps. The radio was on now. This helped relieve the monotony. And he reflected that in a real emergency, the radio would be their link with the outside world. Through radio, they would receive official information and instructions–and they would learn when it would be safe to come out of shelter.

Dan felt sleepy. The air in the shelter was becoming warm and sticky. He longed for the outdoors and sunshine. Kids playing outside the shelter were yelling, having a good time. That made it very hard to wait until evening, when they would be leaving the shelter.

Despite this, he knew that in a real attack situation he would be grateful for the protection from radiation provided by the thick walls and roof of this shelter. He remembered that if there really had been a nuclear explosion, they probably would have to stay in the shelter for at least 24 to 48 hours–or even longer, depending on the outside level of radiation. And, they might even have to dig themselves out. That’s why they needed shovels, axes, and ropes. Dan was glad this was only a trial run. But he was also glad they’d done it.

It would make it easier to cope, if it ever came to the real thing.

Suddenly, it felt good to be alive !

Interestingly, the Civil Defense office also made a series of films designed to accompany the book. The one covering nuclear attack is quite interesting, and I’m sure would have been appreciated by older students. It begins as a “making of” movie about the production of a civil defense film, but has an ironic twist at the end:

Used copies of the book are available on Amazon at this link.



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Texas City Disaster: 1947

Parking lot a quarter mile from the blast. Wikipedia photo.

Saturday marks the 75th anniversary of the deadliest industrial accident in U.S. history, the Texas City disaster of April 16, 1947, which started as a fire aboard the French-registered vessel SS Grandcamp docked at Texas City, Texas, with 2200 tons of ammonium nitrate. The disaster killed at least 581 people, including all but one member of the Texas City fire department.

Smoke was spotted in the cargo hold of the Grandcamp at about 8:00 AM. The captain ordered his crew to steam the hold, which probably made matters worse by converting the ammonium nitrate to nitrous oxide.

Spectators gathered, believing that they were a safe distance away. The sealed hold began to bulge, and water splashing against the hull began to boil.

The cargo detonated at 9:12 AM, with a blast leveling over a thousand buildings on land and destroyed the Monsanto chemical plan and ignited refinery and chemical tanks on the waterfront. Bails of twine from the cargo were set afire and hurled around the city. People in Galveston, 10 miles away, were forced to their knees, and the shock wave was felt as far as 250 miles away.

The ironically named SS High Flyer was docked nearby, and the blast set fire to that ship’s cargo of ammounium nitrate. Fifteen hours later, that ship exploded.

Hams Take To The Air

As might be expected, the blast destroyed much of the city’s communication infrastructure, and amateur radio operators quickly responded to fill the gap.  Many of these stories are detailed in the July 1947 issue of QST (pages 38-40).

B.H. Standley, W5FQQ, on the air at city hall, along with city clerk Ernest Smith, Nurse Mrs. E.L. Brockman.

B.H. Standley, W5FQQ, on the air at city hall, along with city clerk Ernest Smith, Nurse Mrs. E.L. Brockman.

By noon, the first amateur portable and mobile stations had moved into the city and were on the air, working in conjuction with Army, Navy, Coast Guard, U.S. Engineers, FBI, and local and state police. Links were quickly set up between City Hall and stations in Houston and San Antonio. Most traffic was handled on 75 meter phone and 80 and 40 meter CW. W5KMZ reportedly handled over 200 messages, mostly involving needed medical supplies. As the hours went on, additional traffic was handled by W5FQQ at the mayor’s office, with over 300 messages passing on behalf of city officials, the Army, Red Cross, and Salvation Army.

An impromptu three-way net was established on 3989 kHz between Texas City, Galveston, and Houston.  The FCC issued an order clearing the frequencies between 3840-3860 kHz, as well as 7050 for emergency use.

Two hams, W5FQQ and W5EEX, had been advised to evacuate but remained at their stations. They narrowly escaped death when the High Flyer lived up to its name with its explosion. W5FQQ was on the air at the time of the blast, and the blast was heard by W5IGS in Houston. 21 seconds later, the Houston station experienced his windows shaking.

W1AW declared the emergency to be over 11 days later, on April 17.

Broadcasters Cover the Disaster

Broadcasters also did their part to provide emergency relief.  The FCC allowed broadcast stations to carry personal messages, ordinarily not permitted by the rules.  According to the April 21, 1947, issue of BroadcastingKPRC, the Houston NBC affiliate, was the first to announce the explosion of the French ship. A mobile crew was rushed to Texas City, and the station was able to feed live descriptions of the tragedy. It also broadcasts lists of wounded at hospitals in Galveston, Houston, and other nearby towns.

Another Houston station, KTHT, similarly acted in the public interest. The Texas Highway Patrol used the station as an unofficial traffic control outlet, warning away sightseers and directing public service vehicles. The station was on the air on a 24 hour basis, and no commercials were aired for two days. In fact, when the High Flyer exploded, the sound was carried live over the station’s report.

KXYZ and KTRH in Houston, as well as KRLD Dallas broadcast emergency information.

In Galveston, KGBC aired the first bulletin minutes after the first explosion, and aired 24 remote broadcasts. Normally a daytime station, it was granted authority to broadcast 24 hours.

KLUF in Galveston also remained on the air on a 24 hour basis, with emergency messages given priority. Long lists of the dead, missing, and injured were also aired.

KPAC in Port Arthur, a station we’ve previously featured, also carried emergency announcements and instructions from police and other officials. Another Port Arther station, KOLE, chartered a plane to get newsmen to the scene.

In San Antonio, WOAI received a request from the NBC network to charger a plane, fly over the area, and report back in a broadcast from San Antonio. Their description was aired on the network broadcast that evening.

Litigation Ensues

As might be expected, considerable litigation followed, much of it under the Federal Tort Claims Act for alleged negligence of the U.S. Government. The case ultimately made its way to the U.S. Supreme Court, Dahelite v. United States, 346 U.S. 15 (1953), in which the court held that the Government was not liable, since all of the claimed government negligence amounted to discretionary acts.