Category Archives: World War 2

Radio Goes to School: 1944

1944JuneTuneIn11944JuneTuneIn2Seventy-five years ago, the over 170,000 students in the Philadelphia schools were getting a good dose of the fourth “R.” In addition to reading, ‘riting, and ‘rithmatic, the schools were taking full advantage of Radio. Thanks to the community spirit of the city’s commercial radio stations, regular lessons were scheduled. For example, for the elementary grades, WFIL carried “Studio Schoolhouse,” an educational program three days a week. The Monday program allowed the students, left, to participate in dramatized scripts about how they could help the war effort.

The pictures and accompanying article appeared in the June 1944 issue of Tune In magazine.



Milwaukee Girls Make Batteries, 1944

1944June18MilwJourSeventy-five years ago, wartime labor shortages meant that critical defense industries had to be creative when it came to staffing their plants. A logical source of labor came in the form of high school students, who eagerly took up the cause of defending the nation, and getting some spending money in the process. Today, there would probably be a great deal of hand wringing if kids were sent in to work with lead and acid, but these Milwaukee teens were eager to lend a hand.

Hundreds of students, both boys and girls, ages 16 and 17, were working for the Signal Battery Co. plant. Shown above cleaning batteries are Midge Wagner (left) of 2471 Fratney St. and Patsy Lee of 3219 N. Bartlett Ave. Both girls were students at Riverside High School. Also shown testing battery current is Mary Lou Burke of 2563 N. Farwell Ave., a student at Holy Angels Academy.

Northern Michigan University has on its website an interesting 1989 oral history interview with another teen worker at the battery plant, Evelyn Cieslick. She recounts:

I worked in a battery factory, in the summer when I was 16 years old, and we filled the acid that went into the batteries to make them work, and there weren’t enough boys around, so the girls took the summer jobs…. We worked in the factory and felt that we were doing our part in, for the war, along with everything else that was involved with giving up sacrifices for the war.

I had to take a bus to get there … in the mornings and, of course, work all day long, it was a summer job, and, like I said, all of us young people felt that we were doing our part by helping out. The name of the company was the Signal Battery Company. I’m sure they were for walkie talkies, and radios … for the war.

These photos appeared 75 years ago today in the June 19, 1944 issue of the Milwaukee Journal.  These young women are about 91 years old today.  We realize that people Google their own names, and we always enjoy hearing from people we have featured.  Please leave a comment below or e-mail me at clem.law@usa.net.  If you are one of the students shown here, thank you for your service to your country!



USS Squalus, 1939

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In drydock after salvage. Wikipedia photo.

This picture above appeared 80 years ago today in the June 16, 1939, issue of Radio Guide. Shown is a Washington, D.C., family gathered around the radio, obviously clinging to every word of the news announcer. They are the family of William Isaacs, who was aboard the Navy submarine U.S.S. Squalus when it sank off the coast of New Hampshire on May 23, 1939, killing 26 crew members. The remaining 33 aboard (32 crew and one civilian) were rescued. The ship was initially in contact with a companion ship by telephone line to a buoy, and the men were rescued from 243 feet of water thanks to the McCann Rescue Chamber.

The ship was eventually salvaged, and went on to serve in the Pacific during World War II as the USS Sailfish.  The ship was scrapped after the War, but the conning tower, shown here, was preserved after the war as a memorial at Portsmouth Naval Shipyard.

The family shown here eventually received good news, as Isaacs was one of the men successfully rescued from the sunken ship.



1944 Tube Substitutions

1944JuneRadiocraftWartime parts shortages often meant that radio servicemen had to be creative, and that often meant tube substitution. If the replacement tube was not available, it was often possible to substitute one that was. The substitute often had similar or even identical electrical characteristics, but had a different size plug or pin configuration.

The June 1944 issue of Radio Craft, like many other radio magazines of the era, carried some pointers. The illustration shows common adapters. The base was made of a burnt out tube (perhaps the one being replaced), and the top was a new socket for the new tube. When tubes became available, the adapter could be removed and the original inserted in the socket.



6 June 1944

Today marks the 75th anniversary of D-Day, June 6, 1944, the beginning of the Allied invasion of Europe during World War II.  On the day of the invasion, 4414 Allied servicemen were confirmed dead.  Germans suffered between 4000 and 9000 casualties.

CareySaltWhen I think of D-Day, my first thought is of a little salt container like the one shown here.

Some time in the late 1960s or early 1970s, my family and I were coming home from somewhere and were passing through Ossian, Iowa, where we stopped for a picnic lunch at a small park across the highway from a gas station.

As we were getting set up, a gregarious gentleman came over and told us that he just got a call that we had forgotten the salt, so he was giving us the container shown here.  He was the owner of the gas station, and it turns out that his name was Carey.  He handed out little shakers of Carey salt as his business card.  I guess it worked, since I remembered his name almost fifty years later.

His full name was James R. “Bob” Carey, Jr. Or more specifically, he was Sgt. Carey. He proudly let us know that he had served at D-Day, and to make sure there was no question about it, he pulled out a copy of The Longest Day and showed us his name as one of the servicemen interviewed by the author.

Sure enough, on page 285 of the book, his name is still there:

“Carey, James R. Jr., Sgt. [8th AF]  Carey’s West Side Service, Ossian, Iowa.”

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Carey at his roadside park.  Waterloo (IA) Sunday Courier, 22 Oct. 1972.

The park where we were picnicking was built by Carey at his own expense as his way of showing gratitude. It later became a city parkCarey described the park in 1972, probably about the same time we had passed through Ossian:

My name is James R. Carey. I own and operate a service station on U.S. 52 at Ossian, Iowa. I moved there in 1951.

Some time between 1945 and 1947 the highway commission relocated a short piece of U.S. 52 outside Ossian, and by doing this left a small piece of land on the south side of the highway in the shape of a piece of pie. When I moved into my station on the opposite side of the road, this piece of land was full of weeds and stumps and high grass. There were two holes, probably wells or old cisterns, which were mostly hidden and dangerous for children to play there.

This was an eyesore, and so I started to clean it up a little at a time when I could do it, and my family helped. First we mowed a strip along the highway, and then we mowed the whole thing; then we filled in the holes and did some more leveling, and started to take care of the trees. Then we discovered that people who stopped at our service station seemed to like to go over into this little piece of ground to have a picnic, or maybe just to stretch and relax a while before going on again. It cost us some money and time to do this, and nobody paid us for it; but we felt repaid by the nice things that people said about it when they stopped there. It meant something to have people say these things, and to see that the) really enjoyed stopping there.

Looking back over some 20 years now, we feel we’ve been repaid many times over for our efforts because this project has brought us together with our neighbors in doing something together that gave us all satisfaction. Some helped with the maintenance of the park: others contributed a tree or a shrub. I recall a man 10 miles away gave us a tree, and we went over and hauled it to the park in our truck.

We built a little shelter for the picnic tables. Then I thought we should put in a gas stove. I had the stove, and my neighbor Vern Meyer said he would donate the pipes and labor. And he did. Another neighbor, Elmer Rosa, said, “I’ll give you the roof boards for the shelter.” There was about $100 worth of roofboards and poles and rafters. The Fort Atkinson Nursery donated a flowering crab tree, and we put in flood lights to light it up in the spring when the blossoms came out. Then one day Fred Doan said we ought to have a little neon sign on the shelter. I said I couldn’t afford one. and he said, “I’ll donate it.” And he did. So we had a sign on the shelter that said “Careys Park & Camp.” We keep that sign on day and night.

The town of Ossian boundary line is just a few feet away from the camp, and we asked if they would put in a drinking fountain on the outside of the shelter. By that time we also had built another building for toilets, and we needed water for that. Everything in the park is open 24 hours a day.

I don’t remember anything in particular that Carey said about his service at D-Day.  I only remember (and this is probably all he told us) that he was there and that he was proud of it.  He did his part to liberate Europe, and then he came home.  He started a gas station and did his part to offer rest to weary American travelers.

Sgt. Carey, thanks for a place to rest; thanks for the salt; and thank you for liberating Europe.  The world is better because of you.

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For more information about Carey, see His Legend Lives On in Northeast Iowa.  Carey died in 1977 at the age of 57 and is buried at St. Francis de Sales Cemetery, Winneshiek County, Iowa.

Please see our earlier posts regarding the D-Day invasion:

The first link contains links to the NBC and CBS broadcast days for June 6, and are well worth listening to.



Voice of America: 1944

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Transmitter engineer flipping the switch at antenna farm to beam program to Europe.

Seventy-five years ago this month, the June 1944 issue of Popular Mechanics highlighted the shortwave broadcasting efforts of the Office of War Information (OWI). The magazine dubbed the American shortwave stations the “Voice of America,” a name which would become official in following years.

The magazine noted that the Nazis had a head start on the radio war, since Germany had over a hundred transmitters spewing propaganda to the world. The United States had only sixteen, all under private ownership. But even though it took some time to get going, the OWI wass directing a 24 hour flow of news and information around the world. The magazine noted that America strictly adhered to factual news.

Jamming was rampant, and broadcasts were normally read at a hundred words per minute to compensate. When poor conditions dictated, this was sometimes slowed to 80 words per minute. The OWI knew that there were listeners. After the liberation of parts of Italy, a survey indicated that one in ten families heard allied programs, despite severe penalties for tuning in.



1944 WERS Transceiver

1944MayQSTSeventy five years ago this month, the May 1944 issue of QST carried a construction article for this 112 MHz transceiver for the War Emergency Radio Service (WERS). The article was unique in that it showed how to “mass produce” the set in a high school shop class.

The Altoona, PA, WERS organization operating under call sign WKYU, had little appropriate equipment. Compounding the problem was the fact that few skilled amateurs remained at home to do the building. The problem was solved by setting up construction of standardized transceivers by radio and electronics students in the vocational department of Altoona High School. The school benefitted by having interesting and worthwhile lab work, and WERS benefitted by having a source of the needed equipment. In addition, the students who were involved in WERS also had particular pride in using equipment they themselves had built.

The circuit is a familiar one for VHF transceivers of the era. A 6J5 served as oscillator and self-quenched superregenerative detector, although other tubes could be substituted. A 6G6 pentode served as modulator and audio amplifier. Since wartime shortages meant that some tubes were not available, the article suggested substitutions for each.

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Life Magazine Japanese Skull: 1944

1944May22LifeOn this day 75 years ago, the May 22, 1944, issue of Life Magazine carried this photo of 20-year-old Natalie Nickerson of Phoenix, Arizona. According to the magazine, two years earlier she had said goodbye to a “big handsome Navy lieutenant” who “promised her a jap.” He obliged, and she received this skull of a Japanese serviceman signed by her boyfriend and 13 of his friends. The skull carried the inscription, “this is a good Jap–a dead one picked up on the New Guinea beach.”

The magazine added that “the armed forces disaprove strongly of this sort of thing.”  Reaction to the photo by American readers was overwhelmingly condematory, and the officer was later reprimanded by the Navy. The photo was reprinted in Japan as an example of American barbarism.



D-Day Preparations

1944May20MilJournSeventy five years ago, the exact time and place of the D-Day invasion was a closely guarded military secret, but the fact that is was coming soon was no secret. 75 years ago today, the May 20, 1944, issue of the Milwaukee Journal carried this headline that Gen. Eisenhower had issued his first orders to the Underground.

The orders went out over American radio stations recently constructed on the continent.  The commander-in-chief advised the underground to take minute and detailed note of every move of the enemy, with particular attention to the moves of his men, tanks, guns, as well as their markings and strength.

When this was published, the invasion was just over two weeks away.



Radio’s Geography

Screen Shot 2019-05-08 at 9.59.43 AMEighty years ago, the May 15, 1939, issue of Life Magazine introduced readers to the sometimes counter-intuitive geography that comes from living on a globe. In particular, the magazine noted that it was important for shortwave broadcasting.  For example, it pointed out that the first reaction on how to reach Manila from New York would be to point the antenna toward Mexico and the Pacific.  But by looking at a globe or an azimuthal map centered on New York, it’s clear that the shortest path is over Alaska.

Similarly, the magazine notes that it’s easier for Berlin radio to reach South America than it is for New York.  This is because to reach the entire continent, the American station needs to have a beam 40 degrees wide.  The German station, on the other hand, can get by with only half the power, since most of the continent can be covered with a beam of only 20 degrees.

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It’s not a coincidence that New York and Berlin were chosen as the examples.  Shortwave radio was an important force in World War II.  For more information, see our earlier post.