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Charles “Ten Four” Hopper

1941ILStatePoliceRadio

A few weeks ago, I featured the photo shown here of the zone and interzone console of the Illinois State Patrol radio in 1941, from the July-August 1941 issue of National Radio News.  Once again, I heard from reader Bob Ballantine, W8SU, who has a special interest in the history of police radio, being retired from the Ohio State Highway Patrol.

He pointed out that one of the officers shown in this picture (unfortunately, the issue of National Radio News from which it is taken doesn’t identify which is which) is famous in his own right.

Officer Charles “Ten Four” Hopper, born in 1906, is credited as the creator of the iconic “ten code” signal system used by decades by police officers.  During a time when radio time was limited, he recognized the need to abbreviate long transmissions, and came up with the number codes for common phrases.  The “ten” prefix was apparently designed to ensure that the message went through when the officer keyed up the mike, since the radio’s dynamotor power supply needed to come up to speed, and the first bit of a transmission might be lost.

The codes were originally proposed in 1935, and adopted in 1937 by the Association of Police Communications Officers (APCO).

Hopper was apparently licensed as a ham. There’s a listing for a Charles L. Hopper as W9THK in Springfield, Illinois, in the 1937 call book.

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Wartime B Battery Eliminator

1943AugPM

Despite appearances to the contrary, Junior is not trying to do anything untoward, and it’s clear from the picture that the father’s fingers are safely on the low-voltage connections. What this wartime father and son are doing is getting their battery portable back in commission, despite the unavailability of B batteries due to the war.

They are working on an emergency power supply, following the plans contained in the August 1943 issue of Popular Mechanics.

Even though B batteries were unavailable due to the war, the perfectly good radio could be put back into operation thanks to this power supply, which could be assembled from noncritical materials found in the radio enthusiast’s junk box.

Two different diagrams were provided, adapted to the needs of the particular set. Rectification was accomplished by using one or more radio tubes. If triodes were used, the grid and plate were tied together. The filament voltage for those tubes was obtained by wiring them in series with one or more 60 watt light bulbs. For a filter choke, the secondary winding of an old audio transformer could be used. Two or three electrolytic capacitors were required for filtering. In addition, a couple of 1 watt resistors were used as a voltage divider for supplying the various voltages required by the radio.

The 1.4 volts for the filaments of the radio could be supplied by a flashlight battery, or two wired in parallel.

As shown below, despite wartime parts shortages, this ingenious device successfully brought an otherwise useless portable receiver back to life.

1943AugPM2

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Battle of Fromelles, 1916

Australian soldiers at Fromelles. Of the men shown here, only three survived, all of whom were wounded. Wikipedia photo.

Today marks the 100th anniversary of the Battle of Fromelles, fought July 19-20, 1916, in northern France.  British and Australian forces began the battle to prevent the Germans from moving troops to the Battle of the Somme, which was being fought fifty miles away.  5533 Australians–90% of those fighting–were casualties, as were 1547 British (half of those fighting).

Vive La France!

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pHOkECIg1AA

Allons enfants de la Patrie,
Le jour de gloire est arrivé!
Contre nous de la tyrannie
L’étendard sanglant est levé,
Entendez-vous dans les campagnes
Mugir ces féroces soldats ?
Ils viennent jusque dans vos bras
Égorger vos fils, vos compagnes!

Aux armes, citoyens,
Formez vos bataillons,
Marchons, marchons!
Qu’un sang impur
Abreuve nos sillons!

Arise, children of the Fatherland,
The day of glory has arrived!
Against us tyranny’s
Bloody banner is raised
Do you hear, in the countryside,
The roar of those ferocious soldiers?
They’re coming right into our arms
To cut the throats of our sons, our women!

To arms, citizens,
Form your battalions,
Let’s march, let’s march!
Let an impure blood
Water our furrows!

La Marseillaise. Translation, Wikipedia.

1941 Bombing of Kassa

1941 Hungarian tank. Wikipedia photo.

Today marks the 75th anniversary of the bombing of Kassa (Košice), then part of Hungary and now part of Slovakia.

On the night of June 26, 1941, unidentified aircraft struck Kassa. The attack became the pretext for Hungary to declare war on the Soviet Union the following day, but it is unknown whether the Soviets were responsible for the bombing.

One possibility is that Soviet bombers mistook the city for city of Prešov (Eperjes), in Slovakia, which was already at war. Another theory was that it was a false flag attack by the Germans to provoke Hungary into the war.

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1926 Single Sideband

1926JuneRadioBC

Most hams think of single sideband (SSB) voice as being a relatively modern development.  It became the prominent voice mode in the 1960’s and 1970’s.  But it actually dates back much earlier than that, and was in use 90 years ago, as shown in the June 1926 issue of Radio Broadcast magazine.  The article describes the transatlantic radiotelephone circuit between New York and London, operating on 52 and 57 kHz.

Despite the low frequency, the circuit had reliability of about 95%.  The amazing reliability of this longwave circuit is explained by two factors.  First of all, brute force power was available when needed.  During the nighttime hours, much lower power could be used, but the transmitters were capable of up to 150,000 watts.  And to maximize efficiency, the circuit used single sideband.

Transmitting station at Rocky Point, Long Island.

Transmitting station at Rocky Point, Long Island.

On the American side, the transmitter was located at Rocky Point, New York, and the receiving station was at Houlton, Maine. In England, the transmitter was at Rugby, and the receiver was at Wroughton, both near London. The telephone audio was initially modulated onto a 30 kHz carrier, resulting in an AM signal on that frequency. A filter was used to remove the carrier and upper sideband, and that signal was then mixed with a carrier of 90 kHz. This resulted in two SSB signals, at approximately 120 kHz and 60 kHz, as d to suppress the 90 and 120 kHz signal, leaving only the SSB voice signal on 6well as the 90 kHz carrier. Another set of filters were use0 kHz. This signal went through as many stages of linear amplification as necessary, to produce 750, 15,000, or 150,000 watts. At the receiver, a BFO carrier was introduced, making the signal audible once again.

Receiving station at Houlton, Maine.

Receiving station at Houlton, Maine.

The article conceded that the system had not yet reached full commercial usefulness:

For ordinary messages of greeting, the apparatus of to-day is adequate, when conditions are favorable, but the commercial possibilities of transatlantic telephony will not be fully realized until the system is perfected to a degree that it can be used without flaw for business, news, and official conversations.  This requires an adequate degree of secrecy, adding still further complications.

 

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Battle of Jutland, 1916

HMS Queen Mary. Wikipedia photo.

Today marks the 100th anniversary of the Battle of Jutland, which took place May 31-June 1, 1916.

The battle between the German and British fleets in the North Sea was the largest naval battle of the war, and the only full-scale clash of battleships.  The German plan was to lure the British fleet on German terms, but the British got the upper hand largely because of intercepts of German radio signals.  Both sides ultimately claimed victory, but the loss of life on both sides was staggering.  British losses were 6784, and German 3039.

TownshendAmong the dead were numerous wireless operators, and they were eulogized in the August 1916 issue of Wireless World.  Among them was H.B. Townshend, wireless operator aboard the battle cruiser Queen Mary. He had passed the wireless examination at the age of sixteen, and was informed at the time that he was the youngest wireless operator in the Fleet.

 

 

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Stromberg-Carlson New World Console, 1946

1941May27Life

Shown here from the May 27, 1946, issue of Life Magazine are newlyweds Sally and Ed enjoying their new Stromberg-Carlson New World console. The magazine advertisement describes it as one of the magnificent radio-phonographs as new in performance as in cabinet styling. The picture was just part of a short drama presented by the ad. Dad (apparently Sally’s father) was almost the forgotten man. Sally and Ed were about to be married, and Dad was resigned to the fate of fathers–paying the bills and keeping out of the way.

But then he remembered how much Sally enjoyed her smart little Stromberg-Carlson Vagabond portable. And then he thought about how much Ed loved music, and how fond he was of his own family’s recent purchase of a Stromberg-Carlson Empire console.

So Dad became the real best man by presenting Sally and Ed with their very own Stromberg-Carlson console. The ad reminded the reader that they could do the same and become the hero of any wedding, birthday, anniversary, or any other occasion.

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NPOTA: North Country Scenic Trail, Jay Cooke State Park, MN

JayCookeToday, I did a National Parks On the Air (NPOTA) activation of the North Country National Scenic Trail, a hiking trail that extends from eastern New York to North Dakota.  My operating location was in Jay Cooke State Park, Minnesota, about 25 miles south of Duluth.  My operating location is shown here.  The radio itself, my  Yaesu FT-817, is barely visible propped up by the bright blue canvas bag, in front of the dark blue bag.  The 12 volt battery is on top of the bright red bag, and my lunch is inside the dark red bag.  The cable going up to my antenna is visible, but the antenna, a 20 meter dipole tied to trees with string, while in the frame, is not visible.

During NPOTA, amateur radio operators set up portable stations at National Park units and make contact with other amateurs at home.  The event has been very popular, and there have been hundreds of thousands of contacts made from the parks.  Since the event includes all units of the National Park Service, the North Country Trail qualifies as a “National Park,” allowing me to operate from one of the Minnesota state parks crossed by the trail.

During today’s activation, I managed only four contacts, the furthest being Mississippi.  According to the Reverse Beacon Network, my signal was getting out.  Unfortunately, many chasers don’t bother looking for stations.  They wait until they’re spotted on the internet, and then work them.  So making that first contact can be a challenge.  Since I was only there for a brief stop over lunch, I didn’t bother persisting to make six more contacts.  But I’ll be operating from this spot again on June 5 as part of the Light Up The Trail event being done in conjunction with NPOTA.  During that event, stations will be set up at various locations along the North Country Trail.  I decided to do a trial run today, since I’m in Duluth to present a Continuing Legal Education program on Friday morning, and then serving as a delegate to the Minnesota Republican State Convention on Friday and Saturday.

The swing bridge at Jay Cooke State Park was washed away.

2012 flooding of bridge. USGS photo.

Swinging Bridge prior to 2012 flood. Wikipedia photo.

Jay Cooke State Park was originally created in 1915 by a donation of land from the St. Louis Power Company. It remained undeveloped until the 1930’s, when the Civilian Conservation Corps built many of the park’s structures, including the iconic Swinging Bridge over the St. Louis River. The bridge was destroyed by flooding in 2012 but subsequently rebuilt according to the original plans. As you can see from the picture at the top of the page, my operating location was near the bridge and near the River Inn visitor center in the picture shown below, also constructed by the CCC.  The North Country Trail passes over the Swinging Bridge, putting my operating location well within the 50 yards from the trail required by the NPOTA rules.

River Inn Jay Cooke.JPG

River Inn Visitor Center, Jay Cooke State Park. Wikipedia photo.

This stretch of the St. Louis River consists of a long rapids impossible to traverse by canoe. Therefore, both Native Americans and Europeans portaged around the rapids, and this portage remained in use until the 1870’s.

Starting in the 17th century, the portage was used heavily by fur traders, since it formed part of the route from the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River basin.  The voyageurs had to traverse the 6.5 mile portage through the area, carrying two or three packs weighing about 90 pounds each.  It took three to five days to cross the portage, and the voyageurs doing so would be covered with mud and insect bites.  My activation today was not quite so strenuous.  It required me to carry my complete station, including battery, radio, and antennas, weighing a total of about 10 pounds, a total of about 100 yards from the parking lot to the picnic area.  And even though I got mostly skunked, I bet the voyageurs who traversed the area a few centuries ago would never dream that it would someday be possible to toss a wire into a tree and talk halfway across the continent with a piece of equipment that would have made only a small dent in their 90 pound packs.

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